Index:Japan by the Japanese (1904).djvu

TitleJapan by the Japanese
EditorAlfred Stead
Year1904
PublisherWilliam Heinemann
LocationLondon
Sourcedjvu
ProgressProofread—All pages of the work proper are proofread, but not all are validated
TransclusionFully transcluded
Pages (key to Page Status)
Cover - - - Half-title Ad Title Colophon Dedication - vii viii ix x xi xii xiii xiv xv xvi xvii xviii xix xx xxi xxii xxiii xxiv xxv xxvi xxvii - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 - Plate 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 - Plate 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 - Plate 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 - Plate 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 Plate - 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 - - - - - - Cover

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I
THE EMPEROR: IMPORTANT IMPERIAL EDICTS AND RESCRIPTS
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The Opening of International Intercourse—The Restoration of Administrative Power to the Emperor—Imperial Oath of the Five Principles—The Constitution and Rules of the Deliberative Assembly of the Local Authorities—Administrative Reform—The Opening of the Assembly of Provincial Authorities—The Drafting of the Constitutional Law—The Establishment of a Parliament—The Reorganization of the Cabinet—National Education—Promulgation of the Constitution—The First Meeting of the Diet—The Building of Men-of-war—Official Discipline—War with China—Volunteer Troops—The Chino-Japanese War—The Restoration of Peace—The Retrocession of the Liaotong Peninsula—The Soldiers and Sailors—The Revised Treaties—The Boxer Outbreak—War with Russia 1
CHAPTER II
THE IMPERIAL FAMILY
BY BARON YOSHITANE SANNOMIYA
The Emperor Jimmu—The Fujiwara Family— Beginning of the Shogunate Regime—Development of a Military Class—-The Taira Clan—Yoritomo the Seji Daishogun—The Feudal System Established—The Growth of the Tokugawa Shogunate—The Pacification and Unification of the Country—Early Foreign Visits—The Arrival of Commodore Perry—The Isolation of the Shogun—The Restoration—The Resignation of the Shogun—The Civil War of 1868–1869—Development since the Restoration 19
CHAPTER III
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE EMPIRE
BY MARQUIS HIROBUMI ITO
The Emperor’s Attributes and Powers—The Succession to the Throne —Regency—The Rights and Duties of Subjects—Religious Freedom —Freedom of Speech and Writings—The Imperial Diet—The House of Peers—The House of Representatives—The Ministers of State —The Judicature—Finance and the Budget—Amendments to the Constitution 32
CHAPTER IV
THE GROWTH OF JAPAN
BY MARQUIS HIROBUMI ITO
The Adoption of Western Methods—The Two All-Important Events in Japanese History—The Influence of the Emperor—The Revised Treaties—Finance and National Resources—Population—National Progress—China and Japan 64
CHAPTER V
THE DUTIES OF POLITICAL PARTIES
BY MARQUIS HIROBUMI ITO
Cabinet Ministers Responsible only to the Emperor—The Organization of the Constitutional Political Association—Election Campaigns—Agriculture—Retrenchment and Government Annoyances—The National Finances—-Review of the History of Finances—Necessary Steps in the Future 72
CHAPTER VI
THE NATIONAL POLICY UNDER THE CONSTITUTION
BY FIELD-MARSHAL MARQUIS YAMAGATA
The Budget—The Extension of the Country’s Prestige—Cordons of Sovereignty—Cordons of Interest 83
CHAPTER VII
THE IMPERIAL DIET
BY THE MINISTER OF JUSTICE
The Election Law for Members of the House of Representatives—Electoral Districts—Qualifications of Voters and Candidates—Naturalization—Imperial Ordinance concerning the House of Peers 86
CHAPTER VIII
THE ORGANIZATION OF A CONSTITUTIONAL STATE
BY BARON KENTARO KANEKO
The Skeleton and Flesh of a State—The Muscle and Blood—The ‘Bushi’—The Effects of Military Statesmen—The Pacific Coast the Centre of International Trade—Japan’s Qualities as a Nation—The Influence of Chinese Classics—The Economic Spirit—Mr. Bryce on the Japanese Constitution—A Supply Department—Encouraging Home Industries—The Appointment of Consuls under the Department of Commerce—The Commercial Supremacy of the Pacific and of the Asiatic Continent 93
CHAPTER IX
THE ARMY
I. The Growth of the Army
BY FIELD-MARSHAL MARQUIS YAMAGATA
The Early Military Organization—Quasi-Conscription and Conscription—The Army and Civil Wars—The Reconstruction of 1883—The Chino-Japanese War—The Boxer Disturbance—China’s Hope 105
II. The Army To-day
BY FIELD-MARSHAL MARQUIS OYAMA
The Minister of War—Peace and War Establishments—Transport—Pay and Pensions—The National Defence Office—The Staff College—The Appointment of Officers—Recruiting—Education 109
CHAPTER X
THE NAVY
BY REAR-ADMIRAL SAITO
Early Days—The Restoration—Naval Administration—Naval Stations and Dockyards—Personnel—Executive Officers—Engineer Officers—Petty Officers and Men—The Naval Academy—Naval Expenditure—Pay 121
CHAPTER XI
DIPLOMACY
BY PROFESSOR NAGAO ARIGA
Before the Restoration—The Question of Corea—The Question of Sakhalin—The Question of Liukiu—The Question of Treaty Revision—Date’s Mission to China and Lord Iwakura’s Mission to Europe and America—The Affair of the Maria Luz—Soyejima’s Mission to China—The Great Cabinet Rupture of 1873—The Formosan Expedition and the Treaty of Tientsin—Solution of the Question of Liukiu—Solution of the Question of Sakhalin—The Corean Affair of 1884—War Between China and Japan—System of Japanese Diplomacy 142
CHAPTER XII
FOREIGN POLICY
BY COUNT OKUMA
Obtaining an Equal International Footing—Foreign Intercourse—The Eastern Question—Immovable and Unchangeable Foreign Policy necessary 219
CHAPTER XIII
EDUCATION
I. The Growth of Education
BY COUNT OKUMA
Development of Japanese Literature—The Beginning of Western Influences—Educational Difficulties—No Independence of Study—Commercial Education 223
II. The Present System of Education
BY PROFESSOR SAWAYANAGI
Introduction—Primary Schools—Secondary Schools—Girls’ High Schools—Normal Schools—Higher Schools—Imperial Universities 228
III. University Education in Japan
SPECIALLY PREPARED IN THE IMPERIAL UNIVERSITY, TOKYO
Supply and Demand of University Graduates—The Necessity for more Universities—Primary Education—Secondary Education—The Lack of Good Teachers—Foreign Languages—Kwazokus, Shizokus, and Heimin—Middle and Higher Schools—Defects of the Present Preparatory Educational System—The Constitution of Tokyo University—Law Graduates and State Examinations—The College of Medicine—The Engineering College—The College of Literature— The College of Science—The College of Agriculture—The Number of Graduates during the Ten Years to 1900 in the Different Courses—The Time necessary to Complete an Education in Japan 238
IV. Woman’s Education
BY BARON SUYEMATSU
The Position of Woman in the Past and Present—Great Authoresses and Poets—Historical Female Figures—The Problem of Women’s Education—Compulsory Education for Boys and Girls—Kindergartens and Elementary Schools—The Curricula of Higher Schools for Women—The Higher Normal School for Women—The Peeress’ School—Academy of Music—The Tokyo Jiogakkwan—The Women’s University—The Occupations of Women—Institutions organized by Women—The Future Position of Women 255
CHAPTER XIV
RELIGION
I. Bushido—the Moral Ideas of Japan
BY PROFESSOR INAZO NITOBE
The Difficulties of a Survey of the Moral System of a Whole People—Tourists’ Misconceptions of Japan—Chivalry in Europe and in Japan—The Effects of the Feudal System—Why Foreign Visitors think Japan Immoral—Bushido: Fighting-Knight-Ways—Morality of Bushido based on Manhood and Manliness—Samuraiism not a Code—The Influence of Chinese Classics—Buddhism—Bushido the Totality of the Moral Instincts of the Japanese Race—The Moral Teachings of Shintoism—The Person the most Precious Legacy left by our Fathers—Stewards of our Health—Self-mastery a Primary Virtue—The Voice of Conscience the only Criterion of Right and Wrong—Sich schämen—Rectitude—Benevolence—Love for Emperor and Country—Parental and Filial Love—Filial Piety the First of the Virtues—The Samurai Attitude towards Women—Stoicism—Politeness and Propriety of Conduct—Veracity—The Mercantile Calling and the Samurai—The Ethics of Harakiri—A Survey of the Religions of the World—Bushido the one Foundation of Patriotism and Loyalty—Necessity for Loyalty to the Best that has been Inherited—Yamato-Damashii, the Soul of Japan 262
II. Ancestor-Worship
BY PROFESSOR NOBUSHIGE HOZUMI
Ancestor-Worship in Europe and America—Ancestor-Worship in Japan—The Origin of Ancestor-Worship—Love of Ancestors, not Dread, the Cause of Worship —The Sacred Places in every Japanese House—The Worship of Imperial Ancestors—The Eleven Great Festival Days—The Worship of Clan Ancestors—The Worship of Family Ancestors—The Shinto and the Buddhist Ceremonies—The Worship of Imperial Ancestors the National Worship—The House—Marriage—Divorce—Adoption—Succession 281
CHAPTER XV
FINANCE
I. History of Financial Development
BY COUNT INOUYE
Looking Back to the Beginning of the Present Era—The State of Affairs at the Restoration—The anti-Foreign Feeling—The Unsatisfactory Financial Condition—Disinclination of the Government for Economy—The Redemption of State and other Paper Money—The Popular Clamour for a Constitution—The Revision of the Foreign Treaties—The War with China and its Results—A Parallel with the Franco-Prussian War—Japan necessary for the Maintenance of the Balance in the Far East—Foreign Capital absolutely necessary—A Scheme for its Introduction—The Financial Condition not Unsound 309
II. Financial and Economic Problems
BY COUNT INOUYE
The Need for Systematic Development—Railways and Spinning Industry—A Scheme needed to Make the National Industries Self-supporting—The Outflow of Gold—Attention to the Chinese Markets, a Lesson from Great Britain—The Revision of Foreign Treaties and the Introduction of Foreign Capital—The Adoption of a more Liberal Policy essential 312
III. Financial Administration
BY COUNT MATSUKATA MASAYOSHI
The Effects of the War of 1894–95—The post-bellum Programme—Increased Taxation to meet the Increased Expenditure—The Adoption of the Gold Standard—The Sudden Uprising of Industrial Enterprises—Financial Difficulties resulting from the War—The Crisis of 1899—Further Increase in Taxation necessary—Public Loans floated at Home and Abroad—The Budget of 1900–1901 placed on a Sound Footing—The Boxer Outbreak—The Fall of the Ito Cabinet in 1901—The Burden of Taxation—The Economic Distress of 1901—The Establishment of Gold Monometallism—The Coinage System in Vogue at the Restoration—The Coinage Law of 1871—The Rebellion of 1877—The Redemption of the Paper Money and the Increase of the Specie Reserve—Japan a de facto Silver Standard Country—The Depreciation of Silver—The Difficulties in the Way of the Adoption of a Gold Standard—The Disposal of the Surplus Silver Coins—The Accomplishment of the Change from the Silver to the Gold Standard 316
IV. Financial Policy
BY MR. SAKATANI
The Organization of the Finance Department—The Procedure with regard to the Budget—Ordinary and Extraordinary Expenditure—The Diet compared to a Shareholders’ Meeting—The Financial Difficulties in the Diet in 1902—Brief Survey of the Financial Policy in the Past—The Encouragement of Thrift—The Condition of the Money Market—Financial and Administrative Organization—The Special Commission of 1902—Possible Future Sources of Revenue—The Third Naval Expansion Scheme and its Necessity—The Necessity for the Maintenance of Sea Power 331
V. The Financial System
PREPARED BY THE MINISTRY OF FINANCE
The Revolution of 1868—Early Financial Embarrassments—The Results of the Feudal System—The Impulse for Unification—The Surrender of the Feudal Lands—The Reform of the Land Tax in 1881—The Early Revenue and the Growth of Taxation—The Increase in National Expenditure after the War of 1894–95—The Development of the System of Taxation—The Growth of the Finance Department 342
VI. Taxation
PREPARED BY THE MINISTRY OF FINANCE
The Land Tax—The Business Tax—The Income Tax—The Saké Tax—The Soy Tax—The Sugar Excise—The Tax on Bourses—The Mining Tax—Tonnage Dues—The Tax on Patent Medicines— Customs Duties—Stamp Receipts—The per capita Charges of Taxes and Debts 349
VII. The National Debts
PREPARED BY THE MINISTRY OF FINANCE
The First Public Loans at the Restoration—Public Loans for the Prosecution of Public Works—Public Loans for Military Expansion—Public Loans for the Adjustment of Financial Administration—The Amount of Public Loans Redeemed and Outstanding 355
CHAPTER XVI
BANKING
I. The Growth of the Banking System in Japan
PREPARED BY THE MINISTRY OF FINANCE
The National Bank Regulations in 1872—The Change of National Banks into Private Banks—The Use of Cheques and Credit Notes—The Yokohama Specie Bank—The Bank of Japan—Local Industrial Banks—The Bank of Formosa—The Number of Banks—Banks under Government Patronage—The Powers and Duties of the Bank of Japan—Various Banks and their Scope—Bankers’ Associations and Clearing-houses—Ordinary Banks and Savings Banks 361
II. The Banking System
BY MR. YAMAMOTO, EX-GOVERNOR OF THE BANK OF JAPAN
The Solid Good Sense of the People—The Growth of Luxury—The Encouragement of Economy—The Value of the Depression of 1900–1901—The Necessity for proper Economic Training—The Unbounded National Resources—Competition with Foreign Countries on an Equal Footing 379
III. The Financial Crisis of 1900–1901
BY TADAMASA HAYASHI
Financial Stringency an Attack of Sickness—The Inevitable Depression consequent upon Rapid Expansion—Judging a Nation’s Wealth on a Wrong Basis—Foreign Trade not the only Criterion of National Wealth—The Foreign Trade and the Remarkable Development of Ten Years—The National Debt Lower per capita than that of any other Nation—The Lessons of the Crisis 381
CHAPTER XVII
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRIES
I. General Survey of the Industrial Situation
BY BARON EIICHI SHIBUSAWA
The Real Force of Progress in Business, not in Politics—The Necessity for Co-operation—Four Peculiarities of Japanese Character—Many Points of Incompleteness in Japan’s Development—The Necessity for Foreign Capital—A System of Trusteeship for the Foreign Investor—Competition in American and European Markets—The Trade of the Oriental Countries Japan’s Natural Share—The Resources of Japan—The Fatal Results of too much Militarism—Necessary Measures to insure Future Progress 386
II. General Survey of the Industrial and Financial System
BY BARON EIICHI SHIBUSAWA
Revenue and Expenditure—The Public Debt—Money in Circulation—Cheques—Rate of Interest—Prices of Commodities—Wages—The Corporation System—Banks—Railways—Navigation—Foreign Trade—The Tea Industry—Rice and Grain—The Weaving Industry—Cotton-spinning Industry—Raw Silk—Mining Industry 391
III. Financial and Economic Questions of the Day
BY MR. SOYEDA
Tariff and Foreign Trade—The Stock and Rice Exchanges—The Chambers of Commerce—Public and Private Thrift—The Consolidation of Local Debts—The Shortening of the Period of Military Service—The Importation of Capital—Population and Colonization 408
CHAPTER XVIII
IMPORTANT INDUSTRIES
I. Agriculture
PREPARED BY THE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND AGRICULTURE
Agriculture the Chief Industry—The Tendency of the Rural Populations to Drift to the Towns—The Sugar Industry—The Cotton-Growers—Experimental Farming—Fruit 413
II. Sericulture
PREPARED BY THE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND AGRICULTURE
Sericulture as Old as Japan—The Introduction of the Chinese Silkworm—Imperial Encouragement and Early Difficulties—The Export of Silkworm Eggs—The Teachings of Prince Shotoku as to the Rearing of the Silkworm—The Effect of the World’s Fair at Vienna in 1872—The Development of the Industry mostly as a By-Industry of the Farmer—The Growth of the Export Trade 415
III. Rice
PREPARED BY THE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND AGRICULTURE
The Rice Harvest and its Effect upon the National Economy—The Production of Rice and the National Consumption—Import and Export of Rice—Action by the Government to Increase the Supply of Rice 418
IV. Tea
BY MR. KABI OTANI
Tea Industry introduced from China 2,000 Years ago—The Beginning of Export Trade—The Trade with America and Adulteration— Government Action among the Tea-Growers—Establishment of a Central Organization—Tea-Inspection Offices—Tea the Foundation of American-Japanese Trade—The Method of Manufacture and of Export 421
V. Forestry
PREPARED BY THE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND AGRICULTURE
The Forests under Direct Protection of the Imperial Government—Protection Forests and Utilization Forests—Encouragement of Planting in the Past and the Present—Diverse Climatic Conditions—Varieties of Trees 425
VI. Marine Products
PREPARED BY THE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND AGRICULTURE
Fish the most Important Article of Food—Development of the Industry, Coasting and Deep-Sea Work—The Effect of the Currents—The Boats in Use—The Fishing Gear—The Money-lenders—Fish Culture 428
VII. The Leaf Tobacco Monopoly
PREPARED BY MR. NUO
Tobacco Taxation in 1876—The Tobacco Monopoly in 1896—The Duties of the Cultivator—The Functions of the Government—The Organization of the Monopoly Offices 431
VIII. The Government Steel Works
BY THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF THE STEEL WORKS
The Importance of the Industry—The First Proposals—The Appointment of a Committee of Inquiry—The Beginning of the Works—An Additional Appropriation necessary—Situation and Extent of the Works—The Products of the Works—Favourable Prospects—The Steel Foundry at Kure 434
IX. The Petroleum Industry
The Development of the Industry—The Standard Oil Company—The Nature of the Japanese Oil—Oil Refineries 439
CHAPTER XIX
FOREIGN TRADE
BY MR. YAMAZAKI
Japanese Trade compared with that of China—Principal Items of Import—Principal Exports—The External Commercial Relations 441
CHAPTER XX
MINING
I. General Survey
PREPARED BY THE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND AGRICULTURE
The Geological Formation of the Islands—Mining in the Early Days— Introduction of Explosives by Foreigners—The Taking Over of the Mines by the Imperial Government—Establishment of a Mining School—The Minerals recognised by Law—The Position of Foreigners—The Regulations Governing Concessions and Mining —Copper-mines—Coal-mines—The Mining Law—The Mineral Output 444
II. The Mining Industry and the Ashio Copper-mine
SPECIALLY PREPARED UNDER MR. FURUKAWA’S SUPERVISION
Japan the Third Copper-producing Country—Mr. Furukawa and the Mining Industry—Mr. Furukawa on Mining—The Ashio Coppermine—Early History—Development since the Restoration—Present Condition—Methods of Working—Electricity and Water Power—The Employés 450
CHAPTER XXI
LABOUR
I. Labour Organizations
BY MR. KATAYAMA
The Labouring Classes under the Feudal System—The Labour Question after the War with China—The Principal Incidents in the Progress of Labour Organization—The ‘Labour World’—The Police Regulations—Labour Agitation—The Labour Problem to be Solved by Political Movements—Socialism and Political Support 456
II. The Labour Market
PREPARED BY THE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND AGRICULTURE
The Revolution of Industrial Conditions—The Numbers of Companies and of Workpeople—Day Workers—Boarding Workers—The Employment of Children—Working Hours—Wages—The Control and Supervision of Industry—Guilds—Technical Education—Apprentice System—The Mine Workers 462
III. Factory Legislation
BY MR. K. SOYEDA
The Condition of Labourers—The Necessity for Factory Laws—Principal Points of such Laws 466
CHAPTER XXII
THE MERCHANT MARINE
I. Its Growth and Present Condition
BY MR. RENPEI KONDO
The Early History of Navigation—The Mitsu Bishi Mail Steamship Company—The Nippon Yusen Kaisha—The Effect of the Chinese War—Japan Tenth among the Maritime Nations in 1898—The Japanese Share in the Carrying Trade of the Country—Seamen as well as Ships—Shipbuilding—The Future of Maritime Enterprise—Exports and Imports—Wages and Prices of Commodities—The Necessity for Foreign Capital 469
II. Shipbuilding
BY BARON IWASAKI
Early Japanese Vessels—Shipbuilding checked by the Policy of Isolation—The Coming of Commodore Perry and its Consequences—The Necessity for a Navy—The Wreck of the Russian Man-of-war Diana—The Coming of Dutch Naval Instructors—The Foundation of a Dockyard at Nagasaki by the Dutch Experts—The Subsequent Acquisition of this Yard by the Mitsu Bishi Firm—Foundation of Yokosuka Dockyard by French Experts—Review of Shipbuilding Progress since the Restoration—The Shipbuilding Encouragement Law—The Present Condition of shipbuilding 475
III. Nautical Education
BY THE PRINCIPAL OF THE SHOSEN GAKKO (GOVERNMENT NAUTICAL COLLEGE), TOKYO
The Need for Competent Officers—The Founding of the Nautical College—The Curriculum—Departments of Navigation and of Engineering—Training-ships—Schools for Training Seamen 481
CHAPTER XXIII
RAILWAYS
BY MR. K. INUZUKA
The First Railway—The Progress of Railway Construction—Government and Private Lines—The Cost of the Railways—The Receipts from Passenger and Goods Traffic—Working Expenses—Distribution of Railways in the Different Islands—The Present Condition 485
CHAPTER XXIV
THE LEGAL SYSTEM
BY THE MINISTER OF JUSTICE
The Changes since the Feudal System—The Earliest Records—Clan Government—The Centralization of Administration and Adoption of Chinese Ideas—The Board of Ecclesiastical Rites placed on a Level with the Government—Changes leading to the Decline of the Influence of the Central Government—The Bakufu Legal System—‘The People should obey the Law, but should not know the Law’—The Tokugawa Dynasty’s One Hundred Articles—The Restrictions on Foreign Intercourse—The System of Social Policy—The Introduction of Occidental Systems—The Institution of the Senate and Court of Cassation—The Promulgation of the Constitution—The Civil Code—The Commercial Code—The Penal Code—Foreign Influences in the Present Legal System 496
CHAPTER XXV
POLICE AND PRISONS
I. Police
BY BARON SUYEMATSU
The Police System Part of the State Organization—The General Expenditure, and how it is Met—The Duties of the Police Force—Judicial Police—Policemen are ‘Government Officials,’ not Servants—The Earlier High Standard of the Police Force and its Decline—The Police and Prison College 505
II. Prisons
PREPARED BY THE MINISTRY OF JUSTICE
The Supervision of Prison Administration—The Organization of the Prison System—Governors and Officials—Financial Arrangements—The Training of Officials—The Population of Prisons—Pardons and Paroles—Capital Punishment—Medals and Rewards granted to Prisoners—Disciplinary Punishments—Recent Reforms—Prison Labour—Prison Statistics 509
CHAPTER XXVI
ART AND LITERATURE
BY BARON SUYEMATSU
I. Art
The Nara Period—Religious Art—The Heian Period—Pairings of Pictures—The Kamakura Period—The Ashikaga Period—The Oda-Toyotomi Period and the Revival of Art—The Tokugawa Period—Hokusai and Korin—The Meiji Era—The Destruction of everything Old—Slow Return to Ancient Excellence—The Effect of the Foreigner—The Characteristics of Japanese Pictures—The Prices of Pictures—The Art of Gardening 520
II. Literature
Little Literature from Nara Period—Literary Culture greatly Developed in Heian Period—Light Literature principally Written by Women—Genji Monogatari and Makura-no-Soshi—The Question of Morals—The Literary Decadence during the Military Period—The Revival under the Tokugawa Period—The ‘No’—Chinese Influences—Bakin’s Works and School—Popular Drama—A Comparison between Japanese and Western Drama—The Effect of the Popular Drama upon the People—Shakespeare’s Shortcomings—The Present Condition of Literature 537
CHAPTER XXVII
THE PRESS
BY MR. ZUMOTO
The Public Press as a Gauge of Progress—The Press a Great Power—The Origin of Newspapers in Japan—The Yomiuri Sheets—The Early Newspapers—The Art of Printing—Government Gazettes—The Chugai Shimbun—The Starting of a Newspaper by an Englishman named Black—Tokyo like Paris—Yellow Journalism—News Agencies—The Press as a Step to Political Power—The Future of the Press 550
CHAPTER XXVIII
POSTS, TELEGRAPHS, AND TELEPHONES
BY THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF THE BUREAU OF POSTS AND TELEGRAPHS
I. The Postal Service
Inauguration—Stamps—Postcards—Uniformity in Postal Charges—The Postal Union—Post Offices and Postal Agencies—Parcel Post—Postal Orders—Postal Savings Banks 558
II. Telegraphs
First Establishment—The Spread of the System—Internal and Foreign Telegrams—The International Telegraph Convention 566
III. Telephones
Government or Private Enterprise?—The Success of the Government System—Methods of Working—Instruments 570
CHAPTER XXIX
THE PROBLEM OF THE FAR EAST
BY BARON SUYEMATSU
The Anglo-Japanese Relations the Keynote—Earliest Contact between the two Powers—Russian Aggression—The Tsushima Affair—The Port Lazareff-Port Hamilton Affair—The Boxer Outbreak—The Manchurian Question—English and Japanese Interests Identical—Japan and Western Civilization—Differences of Race and Religion—Religious Freedom—No Fear of Yellow Peril from Japan—China not a Warlike or Expanding Nation—England, America, and Japan—Japan’s Defeat, England’s Defeat 573
CHAPTER XXX
FORMOSA
I. Early Administration
BY COUNT KATSURA
The Development of the Administrative Organization—The Enlargement of the Police Force—General Sanitation and the Opium Question—The Improvement of Shipping Facilities—Railway Construction, Road-making, and Harbour Works 581
II. The Present Condition
BY DR. SHIMPEI GOTO
The Work of the Home Government—The Necessary Expenditure to Cover the Cost of Colonization—Railway Construction—Harbour Works—Lighthouses—Official Buildings—Education—Government Monopolies in Opium, Salt, and Camphor—Agricultural and Mineral Resources—Banking and Finances 585
III. Local Government
PREPARED BY THE MINISTRY OF JUSTICE
Constitution of the Empire of Japan—Laws Specially Decreed to Apply to Formosa—Administrative System—Imperial Ordinances and Laws having Effect in Formosa by their Nature—Taxation—Courts and Judicial Administration 598
CHAPTER XXXI
THE POSITION OF WOMEN
BY PROFESSOR NARUSE
Woman’s Part in Old Japan—The Springtime of Japanese Womanhood—The Effect of Buddhism—The Feudal Period—The Introduction of Western Ideas—The Woman’s University and Woman’s Education—School-life Training for Home-life—The Lines of Woman’s Education and the Future of Women 603


APPENDICES
A.—THE IMPERIAL HOUSEHOLD AND THE IMPERIAL HOUSE LAW 610
B.—THE CONSTITUTION OF THE EMPIRE OF JAPAN 616
C.—ORDINANCES RELATING TO THE IMPERIAL DIET 622
D.—TABLES SHOWING PAY AND WAGES IN THE JAPANESE NAVY 634
E.—CHAIRS OF PROFESSORSHIP IN THE UNIVERSITY 636
F.—FINANCE BILL 637
G.—THE PROTECTION OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY 644
H.—PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF EXPORT AND IMPORT FOR THE YEARS 1890–1902 646
I.—SUBSIDIES AND BOUNTIES IN AID OF NAVIGATION 650
J.—THE SHIPBUILDING ENCOURAGEMENT LAW 655
K.—THE ORGANIZATION OF THE REVENUE ADMINISTRATION BUREAU 657
L.—TABLES RELATING TO THE LEGAL SYSTEM 658
M.—THE NUMBER OF PERSONS PUNISHED ANNUALLY BY DISCIPLINE 660
N.—FORMOSAN STATISTICS 664

Chapters (not listed in original)

INDEX
668
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