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the Constitution, will enable the President to hold that a situation has arisen in which the Government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution and to apply the provisions relating to the break-down of the Constitutional machinery in States.

245. Unlike the scheme of 1935 the new Constitution is not an alliance between democracies and dynasties but a real Union of the Indian people built on the concept of the sovereignty of the people. In a democratic federal State, the fundamental rights of the citizens of one constituent unit cannot vary vis-a-vis citizens of another unit. In a people's polity there is no scope for variegated constitutional patterns or disparities as between one federating unit and another. The legislative and executive authority of the Union in respect of the States will, therefore, be co-extensive with its similar authority in and over the Provinces. Subject to certain adjustments during the transitional period, the fiscal relationship of the States with the Centre will also be the same as that between the Provinces and the Centre. The Auditor-General of India will have full control over the audit systems in the States as also in the Provinces. The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court will now extend to the States to the same extent as in the case of the Provinces. The High Courts of the States are to be constituted and will function in the same manner as the Provincial High Courts. All the citizens of India, whether residing in States or Provinces, will enjoy the same fundamental rights and the same legal remedies to enforce them. In the matter of their constitutional relationship with the Centre and in their internal set-up, the States will be on a par with the Provinces. The new Constitution therefore finally eradicates all artificial barriers which separated the States from Provinces and achieves for the first time the objective of a strong, united and democratic India built on the true foundations of a co-operative enterprise on the part of the peoples of the Provinces and the States alike.

246. The important statement which the Hon'ble Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel made before the Constituent Assembly of India on October 12, 1949, in respect of the position of the States under the new Constitution concluded as follows:—

"I take the liberty to remind the House that at the Haripura Session, the Congress, in 1938, defined its objective in respect of the States as follows:—

'The Congress stands for the same political, social and economic freedom in the States as in the rest of India and considers the States as integral parts of India which cannot be separated. The Purna Swaraj or complete Independence, which is the
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