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be condemned." And the Congress by an over-whelming majority of votes, condemned them. The 10th Congress also passed a resolution on Party unity,—which Lenin supported,—which resolutely condemned factions and groupings.

The prohibition of factions and groupings does not imply, of course, the prohibition of the discussion of controversial questions and criticism of the activity of the leading Party organs. On the contrary, in the nuclei, at general meetings, at Party conferences and congresses, every member has a right to discuss controversial questions, criticize the activity of the leading Party organs, and bring forward his own suggestions. But as the resolution of the 13th Conference of the R. C. P. says: "Freedom of discussion inside the Party under no circumstances implies the freedom to undermine Party discipline. The Central Committee of the Party and all local Party centres must immediately take the sternest measures to preserve iron, Bolshevik discipline everywhere where attempts are being made to shake it."

Thus, freedom of criticism must not be converted into freedom to disturb Party discipline with impunity.

At the 10th Congress Lenin said: "We are not a debating club. We, of course, can and will publish collections of articles, special literature, etc., but we have to fight under most difficult conditions and therefore we must be combined."

The discussion of controversial questions is per-