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tions of the Party." (Extract from resolution of the Party Conference, 1908). The Bolsheviks, under the leadership of Lenin, conducted a determined ideological and organizational fight against these attempts at liquidation. At the All-Russian Conference held in 1908, at which the Mensheviks were still represented, Lenin secured the passage of a resolution which regarded the illegal organization as the corner-stone, but which at the same time, recognized the necessity for taking advantage of all legal possibilities. The resolution particularly emphasized the necessity for organizing factory nuclei, to which it still referred as "committees."

The Mensheviks voted for this resolution, which we reproduce in this volume. The Mensheviks at this conference condemned liquidation as a retreat from revolutionary Marxism. This, however, did not prevent them from following in the footsteps of the liquidators. Only a small group of Mensheviks led by the founder of Russian Marxism, Plechanov, repudiated the majority of the Mensheviks.

A group of "liquidators turned inside out," as Lenin described them, was left in the Bolshevik faction, but Lenin resolutely repudiated them. These were: the Otzovisti (Recallers—from the work "otozvat," meaning to recall, Tr.) who denanded the recall of the Social Democratic deputies from the Duma; the Ultimatists, who demanded that the Social-Democratic faction in the Duma be presented with an ultimatum, calling upon it to be a strictly Party faction and to submit to all the