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workers will the Party be able to lead them into the battle at the necessary moment. Already in 1902 he recommended that "factory circles" be formed in the various enterprises, which later on became the factory nuclei. "Every factory must be our fortress"—he wrote, and returned again and again to this question.

However, it was not possible at one stroke to make the factory nuclei the basis of the Party organization even in the Bolshevik Party. In 1907, in an article entitled "The Petersburg Split" Lenin wrote as follows concerning the then existing Petersburg organization:

"We see that in St. Petersburg (and probably in a majority of towns in Russia), district, sub-district, and subordinate nuclei are formed not only on territorial (local) lines, but also on industrial and on national lines. For example, in St. Petersburg there is a railway district; it is organized on the industrial basis. Also there are Lettish and Esthonian district and military organizations."

Thus we had various forms of subordinate Party organization which were preserved right up to 1917. This shows how difficult it is to overcome old organizational forms. It was decided to liquidate the special Party organizations of the railwaymen, postal workers, and the military only at the Eighth Congress of the Russian Communist Party (March 1919). It must be admitted that these organizations, in their time, played an extremely important role in the effort to spread the influence of