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ocracy in the Party, the unconditional election of local committees and strongly opposed "appointment" (the cooption of committeemen). They howled about the autocracy and bureaucracy of the Bolsheviks, about "blind submission" and ridiculed Party discipline. Lenin had already exposed the opportunism of the Mensheviks on these questions in 1904, in his pamphlet "One Step Forward, Two Backward" and showed how closely their views were related to the views on these questions of the opportunistic wing of the Social Democracy in all countries (the reformists).

Thus, at the Second Congress, the Mensheviks, on the question of organization, proved to be the opportunists in the ranks of the Social Democracy. By uniting with the ex-economists, soon after the Second Congress, they became finally submerged in the quagmire of opportunism.

Lenin’s pamphlet "One Step Forward, Two Backwards", (written in 1904) gives an analysis of the decisions of the Second Congress, and of the conduct of the Mensheviks after the Congress. Several chapters of this pamphlet are included in the present work describing the fundamental differences between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks on the question of organization.

All the time Lenin did not for a moment lose sight of the fundamental idea expressed by him in 1902 in his "Letter to a Comrade," viz., that only by maintaining the closest contact with the masses of the