- Roofs, basilican, 146; Romanesque, 420; at Pisa, 421; Rhenish, 422; Norman, 423; English, 431; and see Vaulting
- Roosebek, battle of, 524
- Rōs, 224
- Rose, see Romance of
- Rose window, 428-30
- Roses, see Wars of the
- Rosetta, 608
- Rothenburg on the Tauber, 340
- Rouen, 219, 340, 364, 524, 529; cathedral of, 432
- Rouergue, 510
- Roumania, 39, 151, 229, 554, 556
- Round Table, of King Arthur, 406
- Rousseau, 96
- Roussillon, 273, 634
- Royal courts, 268, 277, 296-97, 336, 476, 497, 523
- Royal domain, 193, 267, 275, 288, 477, 493-94, 497, 508, 625, 627
- Royal grants of land, 240, 256, 267, 276, 303
- Royal writs, 476
- Roye, 366
- Rudder, invention of, 345, 487
- Rudolf of Hapsburg, Holy Roman Emperor, 537-38, 541-42
- Rügen, Island of, 305
- Ruins, 2-4, 32-33, 36, 135, 246, 249, 261, 416, 557, 599
- Rules, monastic, 96, 110-11, 160-62, 166, 168, 171
- Runes, 44
- Rupert, imperial claimant, 439
- Rural communes, 362-63, 541
- Rural deans, 438
- Rurik, Grand Prince of Russia, 224
- Russ, see Rōs
- Russia, 11-12, 14, 40, 58, 139-40, 183-84, 223-26, 229-31, 233, 308, 369, 393, 543-44, 548-49, 551-52, 568, 608
- Rustication, 600
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- Saale River, 398
- Sabbath, Jewish, 99; Christian, 160
- Sacraments, of Oriental cults, 63-64; Christian, 101, 439-42, 452, 454, 562, 564, 572
- Sacrosancta, 572
- Safe conduct, 569, 625
- Sagas, 42, 216-17, 230, 401, 415
- Sages, Sixteen, of Venice, 581
- Sahara Desert, 328
- Saints, veneration of, 158; patron, 335; statues of, 337; of Italian cities, 371; days, 392; in Gothic art, 426-29; of Joan of Arc, 528; Louis XI and, 624
- St. Gall, 167, 542, 589
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- St. George, of Donatello, 604
- St. Gotthard Pass, 542
- St. James, shrine of, see Compostella
- St. Mark, church of, 148, 343, 599
- St. Martin, church of, 164
- St. Ouen, church of, 432
- St. Paul, church of, 226
- St. Peter, church of, 200, 208, 226-27, 455-56, 462, 600-01
- St. Pol, Count of, 625-26
- St. Quentin, 360
- St. Sebaldus Kirche, 539
- St. Sophia, church of, 134, 143-46, 195, 558, 601
- St. Truth, 517
- Saintonge, 494, 508, 510
- Saladin, 321, 469
- Salerno, 291, 377
- Salian Franks, 88-90, 119, 213
- Salic law, 122-23, 127, 211
- Saloniki, 77, 229, 314, 557
- Salvian, 93-94, 238
- Salzburg, 167
- Samaria, 99
- Samarkand, 185, 551, 557
- Samnites, 53
- San Gemignano, 340
- San Salvador, 610
- San Vitale, church of, 147, 212
- Sanitation in medieval towns, 337-38
- Sanskrit, 10
- Sant' Angelo, castle of, 291
- Sant' Apollinare in Classe, church of, 146
- Sant' Apollinare Nuovo, church of, 146
- Saône River, 88
- Sappho, 21
- Saracens, 172, 189, 192, 216, 226-27, 232, 265, 301-02, 308, 312-13, 316, 318, 342, 383, 402, 467; and see Mohammedans, Moslems, Paynims
- Saragossa, 189
- Sardika, Council of, 107
- Sardinia, 83, 118, 135-36, 155, 313, 342, 464, 470
- Sarmatians, 53~54, 5 8
- Sarto, Andrea del, 598
- Satire, medieval, 392, 404, 408-09, 516-17
- Satires, of Juvenal, 39
- Saumur, 274
- Savages, 5, 13-14
- Savonarola, 607, 634-36, 640
- Savoy, 88, 271, 435, 482, 620, 624, 626
- Saxons, in England, 85, 118, 164, 166-67, 202; on the Continent, 122, 194, 198-204, 206, 212-14, 289, 323, 375, 435, 552; and see Anglo-Saxons
- Saxony, Duchy of, 227, 262, 305, 349, 533, 540, 616
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