- the, in later Middle Ages, 525-27, 529, 531
- Burgundy, Frankish, 118; Kingdom of, 166, 192-93, 213, 219, 620; Upper and Lower, 261; see also Kingdom of Aries
- Burgundy, County of, 271, 510, 525, 538, 616, 626, 634
- Burgundy, Duchy of, 260, 267, 271, 281, 364, 376, 421, 488, 501, 508, 525-27, 529, 541, 616, 626-27
- Burgundy, House of, in later Middle Ages, 525, 614-21, 624-26, 638
- Burlesque verse, 405
- Burma, 393
- Burning at the stake, 411, 444, 447, 507, 565, 569, 632, 636
- Business, Roman, 33-34, 67, 71; monks and, 163, 206; Arabian, 173; early medieval, 327; crusades and, 325; government and, 491, 503, 582, 585, 618, 632; Donatello and, 603; and see Banking, Bookkeeping, Capital, Coinage, Commerce, Gilds, Industry
- Buttress, 421, 425, 428, 433; and see Flying buttress
- Byron, Lord, quoted, 337, 397, 621
- Byzant, 149, 303, 583
- Byzantine art, 16, 126, 147-48, 152-53, 271, 419; 432
- Byzantine architecture, 131, 143-47, 153, 599, 601
- Byzantine civilization, 167, 182, 373
- Byzantine Empire, 87, 109, 120, 122, chap. viii, 192, 224-25, 229, 270; overthrown by Fourth Crusade, 465; Mohammedanism and, 172, 176-78, 185-86, 189-90; in Italy, 154-56, 195-98, 207-09, 226-27, 265, 301-02, 341-43, 633; Macedonian and Comnenian dynasties, 308-12, 315-16, 321, 324; revived, 553~54; fall of, 558-59, 591, 607
- Byzantine literature, 119, 148, 229
- Byzantium, 71
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- Câ d'Oro, 599
- Caedmon, 168
- Cælian Hill, 154
- Caen, 513
- Cæsar, Julius, 19-20, 41-49, 58, 211, 261, 283, 413, 591
- Cæsar, title of, 14, 71; and see Borgia
- Cæsarea, 177
- Cahiers, 501
- Cairo, 180, 182, 227, 318-19, 328, 608
- Calabria, 196, 302
- Calais, 514, 518, 522, 526, 530
- Calendar, 14, 20, 83, 174, 386
- Calicut, 608, 611
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- Caligula, Roman Emperor, 43
- Caliph, 179-80, 182, 184-85, 188-89, 309-10
- Caliphate of Cordova, 180, 188-89, 302
- Calixtins, 569
- Calvinists, 158
- Cambrai, 365-66
- Campania, 69
- Campanile, 421, 431, 602-03
- Camps, Roman, 4, 29, 435
- Canary Islands, 394, 610
- Canon, 418, 437; regular, 298; secular, 458
- Canon Law, 294-95, 300, 355, 377-78, 389, 434, 475
- Canonization, 154, 297, 449, 495, 504
- Canossa, 290, 300
- Cansonetta, 404
- Canterbury, Archbishop of, 164, 167, 276, 293, 296-98, 380, 436, 457-58, 475, 523, 564
- Canterbury Tales, 298
- Cantons, Swiss, 541-42
- Cape of Good Hope, 395, 609, 611
- Cape Verde Islands, 609, 611
- Capetian dynasty, 266-71, 276-79, 361, 375, 456, 485, 491-92, 508, 512
- Capital, in Roman Empire, 34-35; in Mohammedan Spain, 186, 188; in Middle Ages, 2-3, 243-44, 325, 329-30, 332; at Venice, 343; Italian, 355; English, 487; French, 494, 503-04; capitalist class in the towns, 523-24; German, 616; Spanish, 632
- Capilani, 346
- Capitularies, 199, 204, 206, 214, 228
- Cappadocia, 114
- Carcassonne, 455, 510
- Cardinals, 285-86, 290, 434~35, 503, 506, 565-68, 635, 638, 640
- Carinthia, 200, 228, 261, 307, 537-38
- Carloman, brother of Pepin, 194
- Carloman, brother of Charlemagne, 199
- Carlyle, 18
- Carmelites, 451
- Carmina Burana, 392, 396
- Carniola, 537-38
- Carolingian dynasty, chap. xi, 219, 221, 232, 256, 262, 266, 277, 280, 283, 300, 360, 375
- "Carolingian Renaissance," 210-11
- Carpathian Mountains, 11, 17, 42, 548, 551
- Carrara, House of, 580
- Cartagena, 149
- Carthage, 20, 23, 36, 53, 60, 83, 93, 102, 118, 135-36, 143, 178
- Carthusians, 298
- Casimir the Great, King of Poland, 552
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