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THE JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY.

valleys, attest for the northern two-thirds of North America such late Tertiary and Quaternary epeirogenic uplift at least 2,000 to 3,000 feet above the present height of this continent; for the British Isles, Scandinavia, and probably the greater part of Europe, an uplift 1,000 to 4,000 feet higher than now; and for the western side of Africa within a few degrees both north and south of the equator, 3,000 to 6,000 feet.^[1] Attending the subsidence of these areas, greatly increased altitudes have been given by folding, rifts, and upthrusts, to large portions of the highest mountain systems of the world, as the Alp-Himalayan and Andes-Cordilleran belts.^[2] The most recent of all mountains, excepting volcanic cones, probably is the lofty St. Elias range, according to Russell's observations; and the belt in which this is a part has an extent of two-thirds of the circumference of the globe, from Cape Horn to Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, Kamtchatka, the Kuriles, Japan, and the Philippine islands, intersecting the eastern part of the Alp-Himalayan belt near Krakatoa, in the earth's most volcanic and seismic district.

The drift-bearing areas in North America, in Europe, and in Patagonia, which at the end of their epoch of gradual elevation and fjord erosion had become deeply covered by land-ice, sank under its weight until when the ice melted away they mainly stood somewhat lower than now. The shores of the sea at that time in the St. Lawrence and Ottawa valleys, in the basin of lake Champlain, and about Hudson bay, have been again uplifted,

↑ J. W. Spencer, Bulletin, Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. I., 1890, pp. 65-70 (also in the Geol. Magazine, III., Vol. 7, 1890, pp. 208-212).J. D. Dana, Am. Jour. Sci., III., Vol. 40, pp. 425-437, Dec., 1890, with an excellent map of the Hudson submarine valley and fjord.G. Davidson, Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences, Vol. 2, 1887, pp. 265-268.T. F. Jamieson, Geol. Mag., III., Vol. 8, pp. 387-392, Sept., 1891.J. Y. Buchanan, Scottish Geographical Magazine, Vol. 3, 1887, pp. 217-238.
↑ H. B. Medlicott and W. T. Blanford, Manual of the Geology of India, Calcutta, 1879, Part I., pp. lvi, 372; Part II., pp. 569-571, 667-669, 672-681.J. Le Conte, Am. Jour. Sci., III., Vol. 32, pp. 167-181, Sept. 1886; Bulletin, Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. 2, 1891, pp. 323-330; Elements of Geology, third edition, 1891, pp. 250-266, 589.J. S. Diller, Eighth An. Rep., U. S. Geol. Survey, for 1886-87, pp. 426-432; Journal of Geology, Vol. 2, pp. 32-54, Jan.-Feb., 1894.I. C. Russell, National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 3, 1891, pp. 172, 173.W. Upham, Appalachia, Vol. 6, 1891, pp. 191-207 (also in Pop. Sci. Monthly, Vol. 39, pp. 665-678, Sept. 1891).

[1] J. W. Spencer, Bulletin, Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. I., 1890, pp. 65-70 (also in the Geol. Magazine, III., Vol. 7, 1890, pp. 208-212).J. D. Dana, Am. Jour. Sci., III., Vol. 40, pp. 425-437, Dec., 1890, with an excellent map of the Hudson submarine valley and fjord.G. Davidson, Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences, Vol. 2, 1887, pp. 265-268.T. F. Jamieson, Geol. Mag., III., Vol. 8, pp. 387-392, Sept., 1891.J. Y. Buchanan, Scottish Geographical Magazine, Vol. 3, 1887, pp. 217-238.

[2] H. B. Medlicott and W. T. Blanford, Manual of the Geology of India, Calcutta, 1879, Part I., pp. lvi, 372; Part II., pp. 569-571, 667-669, 672-681.J. Le Conte, Am. Jour. Sci., III., Vol. 32, pp. 167-181, Sept. 1886; Bulletin, Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. 2, 1891, pp. 323-330; Elements of Geology, third edition, 1891, pp. 250-266, 589.J. S. Diller, Eighth An. Rep., U. S. Geol. Survey, for 1886-87, pp. 426-432; Journal of Geology, Vol. 2, pp. 32-54, Jan.-Feb., 1894.I. C. Russell, National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 3, 1891, pp. 172, 173.W. Upham, Appalachia, Vol. 6, 1891, pp. 191-207 (also in Pop. Sci. Monthly, Vol. 39, pp. 665-678, Sept. 1891).

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