Page:The Journal of geology (IA journalofgeology21894univers).pdf/206

The Carboniferous plants collected by Baron von Richthofen^[1] numbered about 40 species and were nearly all identical with European Carboniferous plants. The natural inference is that in those times Asia was connected with Europe by land, and that the sea opened out to the east.

Professor J. S. Newberry^[2] described a small collection of Carboniferous plants from China, and found nearly all of them to belong to well-known European species. This is in perfect agreement with the conclusions drawn above.

The Salt Range beds.—In the Salt Range, in northwest India, are found Upper Carboniferous deposits, some of which resemble those of Lo-ping, China; and the Lower Productus limestone of India is probably of about the same age as the beds of Lo-ping, and the western American Upper Coal Measures. These deposits and their fauna are described by Professor W. Waagen,^[3] and in the volume on "Geological Results" he draws parallels between the faunas of the upper Paleozoic in different countries. Many of the American species that are found at Lo-ping are also found in the Salt Range Lower Productus limestone. This same type of Carboniferous is found in Sumatra, where it has been described by Ferd. Roemer,^[4] and on Timor, where it was described by E. Beyrich.^[5] This is the furthest southward that the Indian or northern type of Upper Carboniferous is known, and indeed the deposits of Sumatra and Timor begin to show already a greater affinity for the Australian or southern type of Carboniferous.

Waagen^[6] divides the Carboniferous into two types, the northern or Asiatic, and the southern or Australo-African. The northern type is found in western Europe, Russia, the Himalayas, China, the Arctic regions and North America. The southern type is developed in South Africa and Australia, and extends into Penin-