Page:The Biographical Dictionary of America, vol. 01.djvu/216

at Yale college in 1828; taught in a grammar school in Hartford; was tutor in Yale college, and a teacher in the asylum for deaf mutes at Hartford and in the New York institution for the instruction of the deaf and dumb. From 1837 to 1848 he was professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in the University of Alabama, and afterwards professor of chemistry. In 1854 he was ordained to the priesthood of the Episcopal church, and removed to Alabama, where he was made professor of astronomy and mathematics in the University of Mississippi. Two years later he was elected president and chancellor of the university. Upon the threatened outbreak of civil war he went to Labrador to observe the eclipse of the sun, and in 1862 journeyed to the southern hemisphere to carry out astronomical researches. In 1862 he was appointed director of the printing and lithographing of the maps and charts of the coast survey, which office he held until 1864, when he was chosen president of Columbia college in New York city. In 1867 he was United States commissioner to the Paris exposition, and on his return he published a valuable "Report on Machinery and the Industrial Arts." He was again commissioned to the Paris exposition of 1878. President Barnard transformed Columbia college into one of the great universities of the United States. The law school, the school of mines, the school of political science, and the Barnard college for women were housed and almost founded through his exertions. The wide range of his scholarship admirably fitted him to sympathize with the many departments of a great university, and in addition to the schools already established by his influence, at the time of his death he was planning for a school of letters and philosophy. He originated a system of the teaching of the deaf and dumb, and was editor-in-chief of "Johnson's Cyclopædia," many articles on the exact sciences and mathematics being from his pen. President Barnard won many scientific honors. He was one of the original incorporators of, and foreign secretary to, the National academy of sciences from 1874 to 1880; president of the American metrological society, also of the American association for the advancement of science, of the Board of experts of the American bureau of mines, of the American institute, and also an honorary correspondent to many foreign scientific associations. In 1855 Jefferson college, Miss., gave him the degree of LL.D.; Yale conferred the same degree in 1859; the University of Mississippi gave him the degree of S.T.D., 1861, and in 1872 the University of the state of New York that of L.H.D. He published a "Treatise on Arithmetic" (1830); one on "Analytical Grammar" (1836); "Letters on Collegiate Government" (1855); "A History of the United States Coast Survey" (1857); "Recent Progress of Science" (1859); "The Metric System" (1871); "Mono-Metallism, Bi-Metallism, and International Coinage" (1879); "Two Papers on Academic Degrees" (1880); "Imaginary Metrological System of the Great Pyramid" (1884), and "Theory of Magic Squares and of Magic Cubes," in National academy of science (1888). He died in New York city and is buried in the old cemetery at Sheffield, Mass. The date of his death is April 27, 1889.

BARNARD, Henry, educator, was born at Hartford, Conn., Jan. 24, 1811. He was educated at the district school, the academy, Munson, Mass., Hopkins grammar school, and at Yale college, where he was graduated in 1830 with the degree of A.M. During his last two years at Yale he acted as assistant librarian. On leaving college he began to study law, but accepting an invitation given by President Day of Yale, took charge of an academy at Wellsboro, Pa. He did not enjoy teaching, and in a few months returned to the law. He was admitted to the bar in 1835, and spent the a year 1836 in Europe, where he studied the educational, social and municipal systems, visited Pestalozzi's school at Yverdon, and made the acquaintance of Carlyle, Lord Brougham, De Quincey, Wordsworth, Chalmers, Lockhart, Combe, and other leading men. He returned to the United States late in 1836, and in 1837 was elected to the lower house of the state legislature, holding his seat until 1840. Mr. Barnard was an orator of great power, and his earnest and forcible speeches were influential in bringing about various reforms in the treatment of criminals and in the care of the insane. In 1838 he was successful in amending and obtaining the passage of a bill providing for the better local supervision of schools, which had been defeated in the senate the previous session. This bill provided for a state board of school commissioners; Mr. Barnard was made a member of the board and served as its secretary from 1838 to 1842. He also, during those years, made a tour of the United States, addressed ten state legislatures, and lectured and held conferences in every state but Texas, with the object of elevating public senti-