Page:Some Aspects of the Tariff Question.djvu/17

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CONTENTS
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CHAPTER VIII

Refined Sugar and the Sugar Trust
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100

Sugar refining protected throughout, 100. — The Dutch standard, 100. — The differential on refined sugar, 102. — The Sugar Trust, 103. — Effect of the differential, 104. — Competition between the refiners, 106. — The differential no cause of exceptional profits after 1900, 107. — The refining industry probably independent of protection, 107. — Other sources of gain; Hawaiian and Louisiana sugar purchases, 108. — Purchase of beet-sugar factories, 112. — Conclusion, 113.

PART III. IRON AND STEEL

CHAPTER IX

Survey of Growth
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117

Extraordinary growth of the iron industry, 117. — Changes in fuel used, and in geographical distribution, 119. — Influence of Bessemer process and Bessemer ores, 121. — Lake Superior ore, 122. — Pennsylvania coal, 127. — Importance of transportation, 128. — Vertical and horizontal combination, 130. — The southern iron field, 132. — Recent changes, 133. — Summary figures, 134. — Labor problems; trade unionism, 135. — Unskilled labor, 137.

CHAPTER X

How far Growth was Due to Protection
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139

The duties on iron, 1870–1913, 139. — Steel rail production and prices as an example, 140. — Oscillations in the iron and steel industry, 142. — Burden of duty during earlier period, 144. — Eventual lowering of price, 145. — Other causes than the tariff, 147. — Difficulty of reaching unqualified conclusions, 150. — Parallel case in Germany, 151. — Deductive versus inductive reasoning, 155. — Inductive reasoning applicable to young industries controversy, 158.

CHAPTER XI

Copper
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161

Duties on copper, 1869–1913, 161. — Domestic production, exports, prices, 162. — Causes of domestic growth; the Michigan deposits, the Calumet and Hecla mine, 165. — The tariff had no influence, 167. — Later developments, 168.