Page:Simplified grammar of Hindustani, Persian and Arabic.pdf/15

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hindustani grammar.

	name.	equivalent.	pronunciation.
د‎	Dal,	d	A soft dental d as in Italian.
ڈ‎	Ḍal,	ḍ	A hard palatal d.
ذ‎	Ẕāl,	ẕ	As in English.
ر‎	Re,	r	A distinctly pronounced r.
ڑ‎	Ṛa,	ṛ	A hard palatal r.
ز‎	Ze,	z	As z in English.
ژ‎	Zhe,	zh	Like the French j in jour, or our s in pleasure.
س‎	Sīn,	s	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$ As in English.
ش‎	Shīn,	sh
ص‎	Ṣād,	ṡ
ض‎	Ẓād,	ẕ	As z in English.
ط‎	Toe,	t	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$ Properly pronounced with the tonguefull against the front part of the palate, but ordinary pronounced like ت‎ and ز‎.
ظ‎	Zoe,	z
ع‎	'Ain,	'a, etc.	A guttural sound only heard in Arabic: in India it is not often pronounced.
غ‎	Ghain,	'gh	A guttural sound something like the French r grasseyé.
ف‎	Fe,	f	As in English.
ق‎	Ḳāf,	ḳ	A very guttural k, like ck in thick, only much stronger.
ک‎	Kāf,	k	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$ As in English, but g is always hard before all vowels, as گی‎ gī, pronounced ghee, not jee.
گ‎	Gāf,	g
ل‎	Lām,	l
م‎	Mīm,	m