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HINDŪSTĀNĪ,
PERSIAN, AND ARABIC GRAMMAR

SIMPLIFIED.

HINDŪSTĀNĪ.

THE ALPHABET.

The Persian-Hindūstānī alphabet is a modification of the Arabic. It is written from right to left.

	name.	equivalent.	pronunciation.
ا‎	Alif,	a, e, i, o or u	This is the spiritus lenis of the Greek, a mere prop to rest an initial vowel on.
ب‎	Be,	b	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$ As in English.
پ‎	Pe,	p
ت‎	Te,	t	A soft dental t like the Italian.
ٹ‎	Ṭa,	ṭ	A hard palatal t.
ث‎	Se,	s	$\scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\\\ \\\ \\\ \ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}$ As in English.
ج‎	Jim,	j
چ‎	Che,	ch
ح‎	Ḥe,	ḥ	An aspirate strongly breathed out from the chest.
خ‎	Khe,	kh	Like ch in Welsh or Gaelic, or the German ch as pronounced in Switzerland.