Page:Sewell Indian chronography.pdf/94

16. Adhika and kshaya tithis. A day on which no tithi ends, and a day on which two tithis end is considered inauspicious. Such was the case on Wednesday, September 12th, Tithis. A.D. 1894, and Friday, September 21st, in the same year, as shown in the Pañchāṅg extract on p. 14 of the Indian Calendar. (See Example 23.)

When the tithi-index of a sunrise is found to be within (${\displaystyle t=}$) 40, either way, of the ending-point of a tithi (Table VIII.), and when equation ${\displaystyle b}$ is decreasing, either that tithi or another close to it is adhika, shortly after or before the sunrise in question; and when equation ${\displaystyle b}$ is increasing a tithi, different from the one in question, is kshaya shortly before or after the sunrise. (Ind. Cal., § 142, p. 78.)

Note that the intercalation or expunction of a tithi only affects the question as to the number of the tithi current at a certain sunrise. The tithis themselves always run their regular course, 1 to 15. There is, for instance, no number 16 given to a tithi. The regular currency of each tithi is unaffected by the nomenclature given to the civil day in consequence of the tithi which is found to be current at its sunrise.

18. In work for intercalations and suppressions of lunar months cases are sometimes found where a new-moon appears to occur precisely at the moment of a solar saṁkrānti, in other words that the moment of new-moon and the moment of the sun's entry into a sign are identical; When new-moon
exactly coincides
with a saṁkrānti. and the question has to be decided whether the moon is to be considered as waxing or waning at that moment, since upon that decision depends the intercalation or suppression of the lunar month concerned. For instance, in K.Y. 4257 current, at the Kumbha saṁkrānti, the moon was found, according to the Sūrya Siddhānta, to be waning, ${\displaystyle t}$ being 9851, and at the next saṁkrānti, Mīna, ${\displaystyle t}$ being found 10,000 or 0, the question is whether the month connected with those two saṁkrāntis, viz., lunar Phālguna, was intercalated or common. If at the Mīna saṁkrānti the moon was considered to be still waning, Phālguna would be a common month; but if it was considered that she had just passed the moment of new-moon and had begun to wax, Phālguna would be an intercalated month. My collaborator in the Indian Calendar, who was undoubtedly thoroughly acquainted with Indian custom, decided that in such cases it must be held that the 0-point is as it were included within the scope of the period preceding it; it marks the climax of that period; so that at the point itself a new period has begun. In the case of a waning moon where new-moon is found, after full calculation, to occur at the very instant of a solar saṁkrānti, the latter is included in the period of wane; the saṁkrānti is at the climax of the wane; and at the 10,000or 0-point of the moon's age a new-moon has actually begun. Therefore in the case alluded to Phālguna was, because the moon had begun to wax at the Mīna saṁkrānti, decided to have been an intercalated month. In stating the (${\displaystyle t=}$) 0 of col. II in terms of the tithi for col. 12 of Table I. we showed the moon as actually waxing by entering the tithi-value at the moment of the Mīna saṁkrānti as 0.001. This was done in all such cases.

For every such case special and careful calculation should be separately made by Jacobi's Epigraphia Indica, Vol. I., Special Tables, when it will generally be found that the moon was certainly either waning or waxing at the exact moment of the saṁkrānti. But in the exceptional case, after all tests, of an exact concurrence of the lunar and solar phenomena, the case would be best decided on Mr. Sh. B. Dikshit's principle; the calculator bearing in mind at the same time the possibility of a different