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62

INDIAN CHRONOGRAPHY.

			h.	m.	s.
True Mēsha S. by Ārya Siddh. (Table I.) A.D. 1899	12 April (102)	4 Wed.	6	7	0
Add śōdhya by the Ārya Siddh.	2 April (1022)	2 Wed.	3	32	30
Mean Mēsha S. by Ārya Siddh.	14 April (104)	6 Wed.Fri.	9	39	30
For 5000 years deduct (Table in text)	−1 April (102− 1)	− 1 Wed.	−5	−10	−00
Mean Mēsha S. by B.S. and S. Śirō.^[1]	13 April (103)	5 Thur.	4	29	30
Deduct B.S. and S. Śirō. śōdhya	−2 April (102− 2)	− 2 Wed.	−4	− 07	−38⁠1/2⁠
True Mēsha S. by B.S. and S. Śirō.	11 April (101)	3 Tues.	0	21	51⁠1/2⁠

True Mēsha saṁkrānti, then, by the Brāhma Siddhānta and Siddhānta Śirōmaṇi occurred on Tuesday, April 11th, A.D. 1899, at 0 h. 22 m. after mean sunrise.

Using Tables XXXI. and XXXI.A as directed (§ 137) we have 5001 (the given year) − 4955 (the year in which the cycle began) = 46 + 1 = 47 Pramādin. Pramādin began in K.Y. 5001; and 46 Paridhāvin began in K.Y. 5000, and was the required saṁvatsara current at Mēsha saṁkrānti of K.Y. 5001. We have to find the time of beginning and ending of this Paridhāvin. d.

		d.
(Table XXXI.) Prabhava K.Y. 4955		307.4299
(Table XXXI.A) 46 Paridhāvin		− 190.7294
		116.7005
	d.	h.	m.
This = (Table XXXVI.)	116	16	49
True Mēsha (as found)	+ 101	0	22
Paridhāvin began	217	17	11
B.S. and S. Śirō. year-length	+ 361	0	29
Paridhāvin ended	578	17	40

217 and 578 are respectively, by Table IX., August 5th and August 1st. Therefore we have found that 46 Paridhāvin, according to the Brāhma Siddhānta and Siddhānta Śirōmaṇi, began on August 5th, A.D. 1899, at 17 h. 11 m., and ended on August 1st, A.D. 1900, at 17 h. 40 m., after mean sunrise at Laṅkā.

By the Second Ārya Siddhānta.

167B. Dr. Fleet tells me that the late Mahamahopadhyaya Sudhakara Dvivedi, of Benares, was engaged in editing this work, but it is not known here how far he has gone with it, and whether any instalment of it has yet been published. Dr. Fleet adds that, as far as can be ascertained, no other text of it has been published, and no translation, and there seems to be not even a manuscript of it anywhere in Europe. Bentley's Hindu Astronomy (1825), p. 139, gives the following details of such

↑ Dr. Fleet has tested this result for mean Mēsha saṁkrānti in K.Y. 5000 expired in another way, namely, by using the Julian period as tabulated by Dr. Schram in his Kalendariographische und Chronologische Tafeln (1908) . According to this the sunrise epoch of the Kaliyuga was the day 588,466 elapsed. The length of the solar year according to the Brāhma Siddhānta and Siddhānta Śirōmaṇi is 365.2584375 days. 5000 of these years = 1,826,292.1875 days. To this add the epoch, i.e., 588,466 days elapsed. Total of elapsed days, 2,414,758.1875. The Julian day corresponding to 0 April, 1899, is 2,414,745 days elapsed. Deduct this from the total. Remainder, 13.1875 days. 0.1875 = 4 h. 30 m. 2,414,758 ÷ 7 gives remainder 3 = Thursday.^[2] If we add to my result the 30 seconds necessary for very accurate calculation of the time of true Mēsha saṁkrānti according to the Ārya Siddhānta (see "Hints" No. 20, below), which saṁkrānti occurred actually at 6 h. 7 m. 30 s., and not, as tabulated in Table I., at 6 h. 7 m. exact, then my result is precisely the same as his, i.e., April 13th at 4 h. 30 m.
↑ The Indian Calendar method of reckoning makes Thursday the day No. 5, 1 being Sunday. The Julian period begins with 1 as Monday. Hence when calculated for current days Thursday would be 4, but for elapsed days, as here used, the first is Tuesday; and so Thursday has the numeral 3. This last is the system adopted in Dr. Schram's Kalend. und Chron. Tafeln (1908), p. 79, and used here by Dr. Fleet.

In calculating by days of the Kaliyuga, which is often done, note that, since the Kaliyuga begins on a Friday, when current days are used the proper numerals are 1 Friday, 2 Saturday, and when elapsed days are used the proper numerals are 1 Saturday, 2 Sunday, and so on.

I am indebted for this note to Dr. Fleet.

[p62n1-1] Dr. Fleet has tested this result for mean Mēsha saṁkrānti in K.Y. 5000 expired in another way, namely, by using the Julian period as tabulated by Dr. Schram in his Kalendariographische und Chronologische Tafeln (1908) . According to this the sunrise epoch of the Kaliyuga was the day 588,466 elapsed. The length of the solar year according to the Brāhma Siddhānta and Siddhānta Śirōmaṇi is 365.2584375 days. 5000 of these years = 1,826,292.1875 days. To this add the epoch, i.e., 588,466 days elapsed. Total of elapsed days, 2,414,758.1875. The Julian day corresponding to 0 April, 1899, is 2,414,745 days elapsed. Deduct this from the total. Remainder, 13.1875 days. 0.1875 = 4 h. 30 m. 2,414,758 ÷ 7 gives remainder 3 = Thursday.^[2] If we add to my result the 30 seconds necessary for very accurate calculation of the time of true Mēsha saṁkrānti according to the Ārya Siddhānta (see "Hints" No. 20, below), which saṁkrānti occurred actually at 6 h. 7 m. 30 s., and not, as tabulated in Table I., at 6 h. 7 m. exact, then my result is precisely the same as his, i.e., April 13th at 4 h. 30 m.

[2] The Indian Calendar method of reckoning makes Thursday the day No. 5, 1 being Sunday. The Julian period begins with 1 as Monday. Hence when calculated for current days Thursday would be 4, but for elapsed days, as here used, the first is Tuesday; and so Thursday has the numeral 3. This last is the system adopted in Dr. Schram's Kalend. und Chron. Tafeln (1908), p. 79, and used here by Dr. Fleet.

In calculating by days of the Kaliyuga, which is often done, note that, since the Kaliyuga begins on a Friday, when current days are used the proper numerals are 1 Friday, 2 Saturday, and when elapsed days are used the proper numerals are 1 Saturday, 2 Sunday, and so on.

I am indebted for this note to Dr. Fleet.

[1]

[2]