Page:Sewell Dikshit The Indian Calendar (1896) proc.djvu/52

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36

THE INDIAN CALENDAR.

plus 1. Divide the sum by 60. The remainder, counted from Prabhava as 1, is the samvatsara current at the beginning of the year. Subtract from 3750 the remainder obtained after the previous division by 3750. Multiply the result by 361, and divide the product by 3750. This gives the number of days by which the samvatsara current at the beginning of the year will end after the Mesha saṅkrânti.^[1]

60. List of Expunged Samvatsaras. The following is a comparative list of expunged samvatsaras as found by different authorities, taking the year to begin at the mean Mesha saṅkrânti.

**List of Expunged Samvatsaras.**^[2]
First Ârya-Siddhânta, Bṛihatsaṁhitâ, Ratnamâlâ, Jyotishatattva Rules.			Sûrya-Siddhânta Rule without bîja up to 1500 A.D., and with bîja afterwards.			First Ârya-Siddhânta, Bṛihatsaṁhitâ, Ratnamâlâ, Jyotishatattva Rules.			Sûrya-Siddhânta Rule without bîja up to 1500 A.D., and with bîja afterwards.
Śaka year current.	A. D.	Expunged Samvatsara.	Śaka year current.	A. D.	Expunged Samvatsara.	Śaka year current.	A. D.	Expunged Samvatsara.	Śaka year current.	A. D.	Expunged Samvatsara.
232	309–10	57 Rudhirodgârin	234	311–12	59 Krodhana	1084	1161–62	19 Pârthiva	1087	1164–65	22 Sarvadhârin
317	394–95	23 Virodhin	319*	396–97	25 Khara	1169	1246–47	34 Virodhakṛit	1172*	1249–50	48 Ânanda
402	479–80	49 Râkshasa	404*	481–82	51 Piṅgala	1254	1331–32	11 Îśvara	1258	1335–36	15 Vṛisha
487	564–65	15 Vṛisha	490	567–68	18 Târaṇa	1340	1417–19	38 Krodhin	1343	1420–21	41 Plavaṅga
572	649–50	41 Plavaṅga	575*	652–53	44 Sâdhâraṇa	1425	1502–03	04 Pramoda	1437	1514–15	16 Chitrabhânu
658	735–36	08 Bhâva	660*	737–38	10 Dhâtṛi	1510	1587–88	39 Durmukha	1522*	1599–1600	42 Kîlaka
743	820–21	34 Śârvari	746	823–24	37 Śobhana
828	905–06	60 Kshaya	831	908–09	03 Śukla	1595	1672–73	56 Dundubhi	1608	1685–86	09 Yuvan
913	990–91	26 Nandana	916*	993–94	29 Manmatha	1680	1757–58	22 Sarvadhârin	1693*	1770–71	35 Plava
999	1076–77	53 Siddhârthin	1002	1079–80	56 Dundubhi	1766	1843–44	49 Râkshasa	1779	1856–57	02 Vibhava

If we take the years to commence with the apparent Mesha-saṅkrânti the samvatsaras expunged by Sûrya Siddhânta calculation will be found in Table I., col. 7; and those by the Ârya Siddhânta can be found by the rule for that Siddhânta given in Art. 59 above.

61. The years of Jupiter's cycle are not mentioned in very early inscriptions. They are mentioned in the Sûrya-Siddhânta. Dr. J. Burgess states that he has reason to think that they were first introduced about A.D. 349, and that they were certainly in use in A.D. 530. We have therefore given them throughout in Table I.

62. The southern (luni-solar) sixty-year cycle. The sixty-year cycle is at present in daily use in Southern India (south of the Narmadâ), but there the samvatsaras are made to correspond with the luni-solar year as well as the solar; and we therefore term it the luni-solar 60-year cycle in contradistinction to the more scientific Bârhaspatya cycle of the North.

↑ It is not stated what Mesha-saṅkrânti is meant, whether mean or apparent. The rule is here given as generally interpreted by writers both Indian and European, but in this form its origin cannot be explained. I am strongly inclined to think that Varâhamihira, the author of the Bṛihatsaṁhitâ, meant the rule to run thus: Multiply the current Śaka year by 44. Add 8582 (or 8581 or 8583). Divide the sum by 3750. To the integers of the quotient add the given current Śaka year; (and the rest as above). The result is for the mean Mesha-saṅkrânti." In this form it is the same as the Ârya-Siddhânta or the Jyotishatattva rule, and can be easily explained. (S. B. D.)
↑ In this Table the Bṛihatsaṁhitâ rule is worked as I interpret it. But as interpreted by others the expunctions will differ, the differences being in Śaka (current) 231, the 56th; 998, the 52nd; 1889, the 37th.

By the Sûrya Siddhânta the years marked with an asterisk in the Śaka column of this Table differ from those given in Table I., col. 7, being in each case one earlier; the rest are the same. (S. B. D.)

[1] It is not stated what Mesha-saṅkrânti is meant, whether mean or apparent. The rule is here given as generally interpreted by writers both Indian and European, but in this form its origin cannot be explained. I am strongly inclined to think that Varâhamihira, the author of the Bṛihatsaṁhitâ, meant the rule to run thus: Multiply the current Śaka year by 44. Add 8582 (or 8581 or 8583). Divide the sum by 3750. To the integers of the quotient add the given current Śaka year; (and the rest as above). The result is for the mean Mesha-saṅkrânti." In this form it is the same as the Ârya-Siddhânta or the Jyotishatattva rule, and can be easily explained. (S. B. D.)

[2] In this Table the Bṛihatsaṁhitâ rule is worked as I interpret it. But as interpreted by others the expunctions will differ, the differences being in Śaka (current) 231, the 56th; 998, the 52nd; 1889, the 37th.

By the Sûrya Siddhânta the years marked with an asterisk in the Śaka column of this Table differ from those given in Table I., col. 7, being in each case one earlier; the rest are the same. (S. B. D.)

[1]

[2]