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§ 400. dʹ corresponds in formation to tʹ but is voiced. A somewhat similar sound occurs in such English words as ‘indi­vidual’ when not pro­nounced with dʒ.

§ 401. Initially dʹ represents O.Ir. d before e, i, or preceding r, l, followed by these vowels, e.g. dʹαləg, ‘thorn’, O.Ir. delg; dʹαrəməd, ‘forgetful­ness’, O.Ir. dermet; dʹerʹuw, ‘end’, O.Ir. dered; dʹiə, ‘God’, O.Ir. día; dʹĩ꞉wi꞉nʹ, ‘single’, M.Ir. dímáin; dʹlʹiuw, ‘law’, O.Ir. dliged; dʹɔ꞉r, ‘tear’, M.Ir. dér; dʹrʹeimʹirʹə, ‘ladder’, cp. M.Ir. dréimm; dʹrʹiʃɔg, ‘briar’, O.Ir. driss; dʹu꞉Ltuw, ‘refuse’, O.Ir. díltud.

The eclipsed form of tʹ is also dʹ, e.g. to̤guw ə dʹi꞉rʹ ə, ‘he was brought round’ (of a sick person); ꬶα꞉ dʹrʹiən, ‘two thirds’; χUə mwidʹ ər dʹrʹu꞉r, ‘the three of us went’.

§ 402. Medial and final dʹ in native words arose from an earlier dd standing before e or i which in O. and M.Ir. was written tt, t. This dd repre­sents i. Prim. Keltic dd in kʹrʹedʹəm, ‘I believe’, O.Ir. cretim, Welsh credu, Sanskrit šrad-dhā‑. ii. Prim. Keltic nt in mʹeidʹ, ‘size’, O.Ir. méit, Welsh maint; fwəidʹ, ‘patience’, O.Ir. foditiu from fo-damim; bʹrʹeidʹi꞉nʹ, ‘rag’, M.Ir. bréit. iii. Prim. Keltic zd in kydʹ, ‘piece, share’, O.Ir. cuit; mwædʹə, ‘stick’, cp. M.Ir. maite, matan, Engl. mast; ʃeidʹuw, ‘to blow’, M.Ir. sétim.

§ 403. In earlier loan-words medial and final dʹ corresponds to a Romance or English t which was received as a lenis and later became dʹ, e.g. bwidʹαl, ‘bottle’; inʹidʹ, in mα꞉rtʹ inʹidʹə, ‘Shrove Tuesday’, M.Ir. init, Lat. initium; Lædʹïn, ‘Latin’, < Latina; mwædʹïnʹ, ‘morning’, O.Ir. matin (acc.), Lat. matutina; pwædʹrʹi꞉nʹ, ‘rosary’, < Lat. pater; srα꞉dʹ, ‘street’, M.Ir. sráit, Norse sráit. Latin words ending in ‑atio appear with ‑ɔdʹ, ‑ædʹ, e.g. po̤rəgɔdʹ, ‘purgative’, Di. purgóid; tʹrʹïblɔdʹ, ‘trouble’, M.Ir. treblait, < tribu­latio; ɔ꞉rædʹ, ‘speech’, < Lat. orate, oratio. This ending was also wrongly abstract­ed from one or two native words such as Nʹαskɔdʹ, ‘boil’, M.Ir. nescoit; o̤rəχɔdʹ, ‘harm’, O.Ir. erchoit and was trans­ferred to English loan-words such as bαskɔdʹ, ‘basket’; bo̤kɔdʹ, ‘bucket’; pʹïkɔdʹ, ‘pick’. bʹrʹïŋlɔdʹ, ‘dream’, Meyer bringlóit, perhaps also belongs here.

§ 404. Occasionally there is confusion between d and dʹ. M.Ir. drúcht generally appears as dʹrʹu꞉χtə; ædʹvælʹ, ‘to confess’, M.Ir. atmail, has been influ­enced by kʹrʹedʹvælʹ; o̤lꬶα꞉rdəs, ‘re-