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A minheu vi a’r morynẏon a wiscaf ymdanaf inheu w.m. 99 ‘and I with the maids will dress myself’. kysgeist di ti a Lawnslot s.g. 302 ‘thou didst sleep with Lancelot.’ bwyt a llynn … ẏ’th neithawr di ti a ’m merch i r.m. 120 ‘food and drink for thy nuptials with my daughter’. Sef a wnaeth ynteu ef ae lu y nos honno r.b.b. 76 ‘this is what he did with his host that night’.

A rhif gwlith o fendithion

A fo i Huw ef a hon.—L.G.C. 463; cf. 4, 308.

‘And blessings numerous as the dew be to Huw with her.’

Yr oedd Esyllt urddaswawr

Draw hi a’i mab Rhodri Mawr.—L.G.C., m 146/140.

‘Esyllt the noble was there with her son Rhodri Mawr.’

Y nef i hwn efo a hi.—T.A., a 14975/107.

‘Heaven [be] to him with her.’

efo a(g) was contracted to efo(g), as the metre requires in the last example; see efo honn, efo hi S.V. c.c. 361. In Gwynedd efo(g) came to be used for ‘with’ irrespective of the person of the antecedent; this is noted by Simwnt Vychan as a grammatical fault, P.Ỻ. xcvi. His example is Mi efo Siôn ‘I with Siôn’, literally ‘I, he-with Siôn’, which should obviously be Mi vi a Siôn ‘I, I-with Siôn’, and may have been so written by the author of the line, as it yields equally good cynghanedd. [Ab Ithel, knowing efo only as a dial. word meaning ‘with’, entirely misses the point in his translation, and italicizes Mi and Siôn, as if ‘I with John’ could be ungrammatical in any language!]

(4) tu … i forms a numerous class of prepositional expressions, as tu yma i ‘this side of’, tu draw i ‘beyond’, tu hwnt i id., tu cefn i ‘behind’, tu uchaf i ‘above’, etc.

tu ‘side’, Corn., Bret. tu, Ir. tōib, Gael. taobh < Kelt. *toibo‑; origin uncertain; Macbain² 359 gives √steibh/p- ‘stiff, erect’, which seems far‑fetched from the point of view of meaning.

217. Negative Particles.—i. The forms of negative particles are as follows:

(1) Before verbs: in a direct sentence, Ml. W. ny, nyt, Mn. W. ni, nid; in an indirect sentence, Ml. W. na, nat, Mn. W. na, nad; in a relative sentence usually the first form, sometimes the second, see § 162 v (1); in commands, na, nac