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object; thus in heb ganddynt fugail Matt. ix 36 the obj. of heb is bugail, and the obj. of gan is the suffix, so that the phrase may also take the form heb fugail ganddynt, lit. ‘without a shepherd with-them’. Similarly cyn i, wedi i, er i, etc., before verbal nouns; the first prep. governs the v.n., as in cyn i mi ddyfod, which may also be expressed by cyn dyfod ohonof lit. ‘before the coming of me’, i.e. before I come.
ii. (1) hyd yn, hyd ar, hyd at ‘as far as, up to, till, to’.
hyt ym penn y vlwyẟyn w.m. 4 ‘till the end of the year’; hid attad b.b. 3 ‘to thee’; diaspad … hid ar duu y dodir do. 106 ‘the cry—to God is it raised.’
hyd yn oed ‘as far as, even’.
In Ml. W. it has two meanings: (a) ‘up to but not including’ i.e. all except: a cafael cubel hyt enoet un keẏnẏauc a.l. i 100 ‘and all is had except one penny’; (b) ‘up to and including’: hyt ynn oet eu pechawt Ỻ.A. 34 ‘even their sin’. The latter is the meaning in Mn. W.: hyd yn oed Marc ii 2 ‘even’. The phrase is in common coll. use.
The origin of oed or ynoed here is quite uncertain; as no pref. or inf. pron. is used with it, it would seem to be an adv. ‘even’ (? noet < *nai‑t‑, variant of neut ‘indeed’ § 219 i (1)).
(2) tu a(g), tua(g) ‘towards’, tuag at id., parth a(g) id., parth ag at id.; Ml. W. ẏ gyt a(c), gyt a(c), Mn. W. gyd a(g), gyda(g), ynghyd a(g) ‘together with’, gyferbyn a(g) ‘opposite’, gyfarwyneb a(g) id., ynglŷn a(g) ‘in connexion with’, etc.
tu ha l.l. 272 ‘towards’; tu ath wlat Ỻ.A. 125 ‘towards thy country’; y tu ac attaw c.m. 47 ‘towards him’; tu ac at Ỻ.A. 158; parth a’r berth w.m. 69 ‘towards the bush’; parth ac attunt do. 38 ‘towards them’; aros … hyt parth a diweẟ y dyẟ do. 70 ‘to wait till towards the end of the day’; ẏgyt ac ef w.m. 7 ‘together with him’; ẏ gyt ac wynt do. 5 ‘with them’; gyverbyn a' hi r.m. 293 ‘opposite her’, gyvarwyneb ac wynt w.m. 185 ‘opposite them’; tu‑ag‑at am M.K. [xi] ‘with regard to’.
tu ‘on the side’, like parth, is definite without the article—an old construction which survived in a few idioms; the tendency to use y before tu, as y tu ac above, is shown by the early tu ha to be a Ml. W. neologism, which did not become general.
(3) Ml. and Early Mn. W. vi a, ti a, ef a, efo a, hi a, before vowels vi ag, etc. ‘with, together with’, literally ‘I with’, ‘thou with’, etc. The pronoun had lost its pronominal force, and its antecedent was frequently a pronoun of the same person coming immediately before it. Thus:
