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overlapping use of a ‘by means of’ and o ‘of, from’ prob. conduced to the formation of the analogical oc § 209 vii (5).—The last element in Brit. *ag-gós is the same as that of the orig. form of a ‘and’ § 222 i (3).
(2) gwedy (: Bret. goude) ‘after’ is also an adv. ‘afterwards’ § 220 ii (9). As a prep. it is largely used before verbal nouns, and in periphrastic conjugation it forms the equivalent of a perfect. For its origin see l.c.; it has the same final element as a, ag.
iv. The above are the only prepositions which may govern personal pronouns, except mal, megys § 215 iv.
§ 214. The following prepositions are of more or less restricted use:
i. ach is used only in ach law ‘near at hand’; ach fy llaw ‘near me’, etc. § 209 vii (5).
A trace of a wider use is seen in ym ach mur Kaer Loyw r.m. 131 ‘beside the wall of Gloucester’; ym = am < *m̥bhi § 156 i (4).
ii. ger [rad.] ‘near’, Ml. kir, ker, gyr, ger, geir, geyr, gar, is used chiefly in gerlláw, ger llaw ‘at hand’, gerbrŏ́n, ger bron ‘before’ (ger fy llaw ‘near me’, ger dy law di Ỻ.A. 125 ‘near thee’, ger fy mron ‘before me’), but may occur before any noun denoting a place.
The radical initial is k‑, as kir llaw b.b. 10, ker llaw r.p. 1246, m.a. i 230, cer bron do. 206, ker tir Tyssilẏaw do. 341, Mn. W. a cher bron Dat. iii 5. The origin of the word is uncertain; it seems to form the prefix in cyr-haeddaf ‘I reach’, Mn. v.n. cyrr‑aedd: haeẟaf ‘I reach’; possibly allied to cwrr ‘edge’, √(s)qer- ‘cut’; both ‑ei- and ‑y- may be affections of ‑a- or ‑o- before ‑rr‑, and ‑e- may be a variant of y § 16 iv (2); gar w.m. p. 281 may have unaffected a.
iii. tra is used only in drachéfn ‘backwards, again’ (cefn ‘back’); with infixed pronouns kilẏa drathgefɏn c.m. 41 ‘withdraw!’ and sg. impv., draechefɏn r.m. 177 ‘behind her’. In Late Ml. and Mn. W. by a wrong division of drachefn we have drach dy gevɏn s.g. 275 ‘behind thee’, drach ’ỿ nghefn D.G. 274 ‘behind me’, drach ei chefn Gen. xix 26.
Tra mar tra Brython b.t. 76 ‘beyond the sea, beyond [the borders of] the Britons’ and tra r̔un b.b. 49 ‘beyond Rhun’ preserve the remains of a wider use.
trachéfn for *tarchéfn < *tarós kebn- < Ar. *tₑrós: Ir. tar: Skr. tiráḥ < *tₑrós; allied to trwy § 210 x (5); see § 156 i (22).
iv. pw (py) is used only in the phrase pwy gilydd ‘to its fellow’, as o ben bwy gilydd ‘from end to its fellow’ i.e. from end
