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(7) er, Ml. W. yr, er. The meanings are ‘for the sake of; in spite of; in exchange for; since (a particular date)’; er ys, er’s § 214 vii. The prep. represents more than one derivative of *per, prob. *per, *peri, *pero‑s: Lat. per, Gk. περί, Skr. pári, Skr. paráḥ. The prep. takes the rad.; this would be the initial after *peros. The personal forms have the meaning of ‘for the sake of’, and may come from *pero‑.
(8) rhwng ‘between’ has replaced O.W. ithr ‘between’; Ml. W. yr̔wng < *per-ongo‑, § 65 iii (1): cyf-wng ‘interval’, cyf-yng ‘confined’, e‑ang ‘wide’ < *eks-ang‑: Gk. ἄγχι, ἀγχοῦ ‘near’, Lat. angustus, Germ- eng, √ag̑h‑/og̑h- ‘narrow, strait’; the o- is seen in Gaul. Octo‑durus “arx in angustia sita”. *(p)er-ongo-me by the usual loss of the second syll. would give *ỿrŋof; the ŋ seems to have been dropped, as before r, giving yrof, which kept its O.W. accentuation § 47 i, like yrwng; if so, the o in yróm was originally short, and yron(n) occurs for it in b.b. 101 l. 2; the ŋ seems to have been metathesized in O.W. igridu b.s.ch. 2 ‘between them’ for *yrŋyẟu < *(p)er-ongo-doibis.—The forms yr̔ynghof, yr̔yngthaw etc. are probably new formations from yrhwng, perhaps originally r̔yŋhof for *yr̔ŋof. The curious 2nd sg. gryg̃hod w. 3b seems to be a scribal error for r̔ynghod (m.a. i 192).
(9) uwch, is, see § 148 i (14), (10). The 3rd pers. forms may be old, the adj. being used adverbially before do; the other forms are prob. analogical.
§ 211. Third Conjugation.—i. To this belong gan ‘with, by’ and wrth ‘over against’:
ii. (1) gan is conjugated as follows:
| Ml. W. | Mn. W. | ||||||||
| sg. | pl. | sg. | pl. | ||||||
| 1. | gennyf | 1. | gennym | 1. | gennyf | 1. | gennym | ||
| 2. | gennyt | 2. | gennwch | 2. | gennyt | 2. | gennych | ||
| 3. | m. ganthaw, ‑taw | 3. | ganthu(ẟ), ‑unt | 3. | m. gantho, ‑to | 3. | ganthunt, ‑tunt | ||
| f. genthi, ‑ti | gantu(ẟ), ‑unt | f. genthi, ‑ti | |||||||
Also in Ml. W. genhyf, etc. In Late Mn. W. sg. 3. m. ganddo, f. ganddi, pl. 3. ganddynt; the dd is artificial.
(2) O.W. cant ox. ‘with’, Early Ml. W. kan, as kan canyat e penteulu a.l. i 14 ‘with the permission of the chief of the household’. The rad. is sometimes retained in Early Mn. verse: cennyd D.G. 329, cennym T.A. g. 252 (misspelt cenyd, cenym). Ml. W. ẏ gan ‘from with’, as ugeynt ykan pop gur a.l. i 14 ‘20
