Page:Morris-Jones Welsh Grammar 0401.png
(4) am < *m̥bhi § 156 i (4); amdán- formed like odán- above.
(5) o ‘from, of’, Corn. a, Bret. a < Brit. *ā < Ar. *apo: Gk. ἀπό, Lat. ab, abs, Skr. ápa. The Bret. and Corn. a imply Brit. unacc. *ā; the form a survived in Ml. W. in phrases of the form truan a beth lit. ‘a wretched of a thing’, in which the ordinary o is substituted for it in Mn. W.; see § 71 i (2). Ml. W. oc, occurring only before eu, is due to the analogy of ac § 160 iv (2), § 213 iii (1); in Bret. Van. the analogy is carried a little further, Loth Voc. 28.—Bret. ac’h ‘from’ (ac’h Alre ounn ginidik ‘je suis natif d’Auray’, Troude), W. ach ‘off, by’ as in ach ẏ law w.m. 472 ‘beside him’ < *aks < *aps: Lat. abs, Gk. ἄψ.—W. ohan- for ahan‑, Corn. ahȧn‑, Bret. ahan‑, ac’han‑, from *ap-sanā ‘away from’; *sanā < *sₑnā: Lat. sine, Skr. sanitúr § 156 ii (3). The 2nd sg. ohonawt implies an accent on the ‑ā: *ap-sanā́-te. The 3rd pl. onaẟu (Bret. aneze, Corn. anedhe) seems to imply a simpler form, not a contraction of *ohonaẟ- (of which there is no trace in W., Corn. or Bret.), possibly *po-nā: cf. O.H.G. fona < *pu-nā. The a- was generalized in Bret., Corn., and the o- in W., where it intruded into the second syll., and even the third, causing a confusion of conjugations.
§ 210. Second Conjugation.—i. To this belong rhag ‘before’; heb ‘(past) by, without’; yn ‘in’; trwy ‘through’; tros ‘over’; er, Ml. W. yr ‘for’; rhwng ‘between’; uwch ‘above’; is ‘below’.
ii. rhag ‘before’, Ml. W. r̔ac, is conjugated as follows:
| Ml. W. | Mn. W. | ||||||||
| sg. | pl. | sg. | pl. | ||||||
| 1. | r̔agof | 1. | r̔agom | 1. | rhágof | 1. | rhágom | ||
| 2. | r̔agot | 2. | r̔agoch | 2. | rhágod, ‑t | 2. | rhágoch | ||
| 3. | m. r̔acẟaw | 3. | r̔acẟu | 3. | m. rhágddo | 3. | rhágddunt | ||
| f. r̔acẟi | r̔acẟunt | f. rhágddi | ‑ddynt | ||||||
| adv. r̔acko, r̔accw | adv. rháco, ácw ‘yonder’ | ||||||||
r̔agof w.m. 4, r̔agot ib., r̔acẟaw do. 9, r̔acẟi s.g. 63, r̔ecẟi w.m. 423, r̔ogẟaw do. 444, r̔ocẟi a.l. i 452, 516, 522, r̔agom b.b. 29, r̔agoch r.m. 129, r̔acẟu w.m. 53, r.m. 37, c.m. 37, Ỻ.A. 111, r̔acẟunt w.m. 86; r̔acko w.m.} 251, r̔acco r.m. 8, r̔accw a.l. i 112 (ms.c. 13th cent.), Mn. W. rakw p 54/269 r., rhaco L.G.C. 32, usually acw do. 83; forms with ‑o‑: Gwentian rhog (accented) h.g. 3, 70, r̔ogẟo I.F. p 83/66; S.W. dial. óco.—O.W. sg. 3. m. racdam juv. gl. sibi.
iii. heb ‘(past) by; without’: sg. 1 hebof, 3. m. hebẟaw, Mn. hebddo, f. hebẟi; pl. 1. hebom, 3. hebẟunt; adv. heibẏaw, heibaw, Mn. heibio ‘past’.
