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columns of the Giant's Causeway, and obtains lovely views of the old keep of the Castle and of the ills separating Edale from Hope Dale. In this dale the geologist will meet with a rich variety of fossils. Cardiomorpha oblonga, Rhynchonella pugnus and plenrodon, Terebratula hastata, Spirifera glabra, Conocardium minax, and species of Nautilus may be found.

Cave-hunting in this dale has been carried on successfully by Mr. Rooke Pennington. He discovered some time since underneath the keep of Peveril Castle a small eave, which has furnished a few articles, showing that if had been occupied by man at various periods from the (so-called) Neolithic age down to a comparatively recent period. Amongst the relics obtained wore a shilling of Queen Elizabeth's reign; pieces of old-fashioned pots of a later reign, mingled with bits of "rude pre-historic pottery;" bones of the Colfic Short Horn (Bos longifrons,) goat (Capra hircus,) and hog. Of animals not connected with man there were many teeth and bones of the fox (Canis vulpes,) badger (Meles taxus,) and a skull of the water-rat (Arvicola amphibia.) Of implements. &c., there was a tooled piece of stag-horn, an iron spike, two flints, a piece of jet, part of a bone comb, and a magnificent bronze celt. There was thus a distinct proof of this cave having been used, first, at some remote period as a place of sepulchre, by the presence of human teeth and a fibula; and, secondly, at a more recent period by the indications above-mentioned, as well as by the discovery of an antler of a red deer, half-sawn through and then broken off, and the bones of a dog and of a hog.

Another notable place in the neighbourhood of Castleton is the "Winnets" or Windgates, a narrow defile between lofty limestone cliffs, through which the high read to Manchester formerly ran. Exceedingly wild and grand is the appearance presented by this pass; on each side stupendous piles of mountain limestone rise to a great height, with their summits split and rent into a variety of forms, some assuming the shape of ruined castles; in some places huge, buttress-like masses protrude info the road, whilst in others Hie shattered fragments of rock which, having become detached from the hillside above, have been hurled down, and are seen scattered abroad in wild profusion; whilst at the lowest part of the defile a gigantic pile of rock, round which the road winds, appears to close in the ravine,

Opening out from Hope Dale are numerous other dales of great loveliness, as Edale, &c. The origin of these may be traced to denudation, the action of water having, in the course of ages, swept away the Yoredale shale where it occurred, leaving the harder rocks which form the hills in situ. To this cause the origin of most of the undulating scenery of Derbyshire must be attributed, streams that descended from the heights having first undermined the softer strata and then carried them away. Good examples of the action may be seen on the lower flanks of Kinder Scout, and notably at Mam Tor; and where only the lower limestone beds occur it is not to be doubted that water has been the chief agent in excavating the dales—first by cutting out subterranean channels for itself, as in the ease of the before-mentioned caverns, and