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partment. At the expiration of his term, 1881, he removed to New York, and is now the editor of the Evening Post.

SCHUVÁLOFF, Count Peter, is a descendant of a well-known Russian family which was ennobled in the beginning of the seventeenth century. Many members of that house have played highly important parts in the history of Russia both as generals and as diplomatists. Count Peter Schuváloff was born in 1828. He at first entered the military service, and in 1864 was advanced to the rank of general. He filled successively the post of military attaché in Paris of functionary in the Ministry of the Interior, and Governor-General of the Baltic provinces. He was advanced subsequently to the post of Chief of the Secret Police, third section of the Imperial Chancellerie, which is in Russia a highly important position, the occupant having, in a great measure, to deal with foreign affairs. This appointment was made in 1866, and for upwards of seven years Count Schuváloff retained that post, and enjoyed the most implicit confidence of his sovereign, upon whom he exercised greater influence than any of his colleagues. His appointment as Ambassador to Her Majesty Queen Victoria was looked upon by some in Russia as a kind of exile. Some believed that he was sent to England owing to Prince Gortschakoff's jealousy, the Prince looking upon him as his rival and aspirant for the post of Chancellor. Other reasons of a more private nature were likewise assigned for his expatriation, but on the other hand it was likewise said that the Czar had chosen him for his representative in England on account of the confidence he reposed in the Count's ability, and in his devotion to the Emperor. If this latter motive was the real cause of the appointment, events have proved the far-sightedness of the Czar, who could not have had a better servant during the trying negotiations between the two countries. The evident success which had crowned his labours when the Count was sent on a special mission to this country previous to his appointment as Ambassador, to appease the susceptibilities of the then Gladstone cabinet respecting the Russian expedition to Khiva, was no doubt another reason for his being entrusted with the post of Ambassador to England, and the subsequent occurrences have shown the necessity of Russia being ably represented. In a great measure it may be attributed to Count Schuváloff that, up to the present, England and Russia avoided coming to an open rupture. All through, however, the Count had been opposed to Prince Gortschakoff's policy, and was certainly his rival. On the occasion of his retiring from his post in London (Nov., 1879) the Czar appointed him a Knight of the St. Wladimir Order, First Class.

SCHWARZENBEBG, Cardinal Frederick von, Prince Bishop of Prague, a member of the princely house bearing his name, was born April 6, 1809. Having completed his education, and taken holy orders, the prince became, in 1886, Bishop of Salzburg. In 1842 he was made a cardinal, and in 1848 was translated as Prince Bishop of Prague. At the Œcumenical Council of the Vatican (1869-70) the cardinal belonged to the inopportunist party, but afterwards unreservedly accepted the dogma of the infallibility of the Sovereign Pontiff.

SCLATER, Philip Lutley, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., second son of W. L. Sclater, Esq., of Hoddington House, Hants, born in 1829, was educated at Winchester School, and at the age of 16 was elected Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1849, taking a first class in mathematics. He was subsequently Fellow of the