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Stuttgart, Tabingen, Halle, and Berlin, and in 1841 travelled as private tutor, in France, Switzerland, and Italy. From 1842 to 1844 he lectured in the University of Berlin on exegesis and church history. In 1844 he went to America, where he became Professor of Theology in the Lutheran Seminary of Mercersburg, Pennsylvania (1844-63). He removed to New York in 1863; visited Europe in 1865; was secretary of the New York Sabbath Committee, 1864-69 and lecturer at the theological seminaries in Andover, Hartford, and New York. In 1871 he became Professor of Church History in the Union Theological Seminary, New York. He is one of the founders of the American branch of the Evangelical Alliance, and was sent three times (1869, 1872, 1873) to Europe to arrange for the General Conference which was held in New York in Oct., 1873. He is a member of a number of historical and literary societies, and is President of the American Bible Revision Committee. Among the more important of his numerous works are: "History of the Apostolic Church," 1853; "Sketch of the Political, Social, and Religious Character of the United States," 1855; "Germany, its Universities, Theology, and Religion," 1857; "History of the Christian Church," 3 vols., 1858-1867; "German Hymn Book," 1859; "The Christ of the Gospels," 1864; "The Person of Christ," 1866, new edition, 1881; "Lectures on the Civil War in America," 1865; "Christ in Song," 1869; "Revision of the English Version of the New Testament," 1874; "The Vatican Council," 1875; "The Creeds of Christendom," 3 vols., 1876; "Harmony of the Reformed Confessions," 1877; "Through Bible Lands," 1878; " Dictionary of the Bible," 1880; and in conjunction with Arthur Gilman, "Library of Religious Poetry," 1881. He is editor of the Anglo-American adaptation of Lange's "Commentary on the Bible," begun in 1864, and of the "International Revision Commentary on the New Testament," begun in 1881.

SCHARF, George, F.S.A., son of a Bavarian artist of the same name, who had settled in London in 1816. He was born Dec. 16, 1820, is well known as a writer on subjects connected with art, and as a skilful artist, having studied its principles under his father, who died in London in Nov., 1860. He was educated at London University School, and having gained medals at the Society of Arts, was admitted a student of the Royal Academy in 1838. His first published work was a series of etchings, entitled "Scenic Effects," illustrating the Shaksperean and Classical revivals by Macready, when manager of Covent Garden Theatre in 1838-9. He travelled in Italy in 1840, and accompanied Sir C. Fellows in a journey through Lycia and other parts of Asia Minor, whither he proceeded again in 1843, as draughtsman to a government expedition. A large collection of his drawings, both of Lycian views and outlines of sculpture, is deposited in the British Museum. After his return he painted some oil pictures, which were exhibited at the Royal Academy and at the British Institution; but his time has been chiefly devoted to illustrating books; among which may be mentioned Fellows's "Lycia," Murray's "Illustrated Prayer-Book," Macaulay's "Lays of Ancient Rome," 1847; Milman's "Horace," 1849; Kugler's "Handbook of Italian and German Painting," 1851, 2nd edit., 1855, in which he devised a collected series of minute representations of all Raphael's compositions known as the "Holy Family;" Layard's works on "Nineveh," Dr. Smith's "Classical Dictionaries," Keats's "Poems," Pollock's "Dante," and Bray's "Life of Stothard." He was elected F.S.A. in 1852, and Corresponding