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ing defeat. On the return of Sir Frederick Roberts to England he was loaded with honours; he was presented with the freedom of the city of London, received the thanks of Parliament, and was created a baronet. In Feb., 1881, he was appointed to succeed Sir George Colley in the command of the troops in Natal and the Transvaal, but peace was concluded with the Boers before his arrival in the colony. He was afterwards appointed a member of the Council of Madras, and to command the troops in that Presidency (1881). To the Nineteenth Century for Nov., 1882, he contributed an article on the "Present State of the Army," thus supplying the sequel to an interesting speech which he had delivered at the Mansion House about two years before.

ROBIN, Charles Philippe, a French physician and naturalist, born at Jasseron (Ain), June 4, 1821, studied medicine at Paris, and was admitted "interne des hôpitaux" in 1843. He gained, at the competition of 1844, the prize given by the École Pratique de Médicine; was sent in 1845, with M. Lebert, by Orfila, to the coasts of Normandy and Jersey, in order to collect objects of natural history and comparative anatomy, for the museum which he had founded at the École, and received in 1847 the degree of Doctor. A close examiner of objects, he has greatly promoted the use of the microscope in anatomy and pathology; and, in addition to his microscopical labours, has studied the natural sciences. He was elected a member of the Academy of Medicine in 1858, and appointed Professor of Histology in that institution, April 19, 1862. In 1871 he founded, in conjunction with M. Littré, a Sociological Society. He was elected a Senator by the department of the Ain in 1876; his term of office will expire in 1885. M. Robin is connected with numerous French and foreign scientific societies, and is decorated with the Legion of Honour. In addition to a large number of works relating to microscopical investigation, he has published "Tableux d'Anatomie, contenant l'Exposé de toutes les Parties à Etudier dans l'Organisme de l'Homme, et dans celui des Animaux," 1851; "Traité de Chimie Anatomique et Physiologique," 1852; "Histoire Naturelle de Végétaux Parasites qui croissent sur l'Homme et les Animanx Vivants," 3 vols., 1853 (in collaboration with M. Verdeil); "Notice sur l'Œuvre et la Vie d'Auguste Comte," 1864; "Leçons sur les Substances Amorphes et les Blastèmes," 1866; "Leçons sur les Substances Organisées et leur Altérations," 1866; "Leçons sur les Humeurs Normales et Morbides du Corps de l'Homme," 1867; "Leçons sur les Vaisseaux Capillaires et l'inflammation," 1867; "Anatomie Microscopique," 1868; and "L'Instruction et l'Education," 1877; besides numerous contributions to the Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences, and other scientific collections. In collaboration with M. Littré he has entirely re-cast and re-written Nysten's "Dictionnaire de Médecine," the 13th edition of which was published in 1872.

ROBINSON, The Right Hon. Sir Hercules George Robert, G.C.M.G., second son of Captain Hercules Robinson, born in 1824, and educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, held, for some years, a commission in the 87th Foot, but retired from the service in 1846, and was employed in various capacities in the Civil Service in Ireland until 1852. He was appointed President of Montserrat in 1854, Lieutenant-Governor of St Christopher's in 1855, succeeded Sir John Bowring as Governor of Hong Kong in. 1859, when he received the honour of knighthood, was promoted to the govenorship of Ceylon in Jan., 1865, and to the governorship of New South Wales