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subsequently the successor of his father. For eighteen years he was director of the Botanic Garden, and during the same period he gave lectures in the Academy of Geneva. M. de Candolle was elected a correspondent of the French Institute in 1851, and the following year was decorated with the Legion of Honour. In June, 1874, he was elected a foreign member of the French Institute in the place of the late Professor Agassiz. His works are: "Monographic des Campanulées," 1830; "Introduction à l'Étude de la Botanique," 2 vols., 1834-35; "Sur le Musée Botanique de M. B. Delessert," 1845; "Note sur une Pomme de Terre du Mexique," 1852; "Géographic Botanique raisonnée," 2 vols., 1855; "Lois de la Nomenclature Botanique," 1867; "Constitution dans le Règne Végétal de Groupes Physiologiques applicables à la Géographic Botanique, Ancienne et Moderne," 1874. He also brought out a new edition of his father's "Théorie Elémentaire de la Botanique," and continued his "Podromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis."

CANNING, Sir Samuel, C.E., upon whom the responsibility of laying the Atlantic Cables of 1865, 1866, and 1869 devolved, is the son of the late Robert Canning, Esq., of Ogbourne St. Andrew, Wiltshire. He commenced his career as assistant to the late Mr. Joseph Locke, C.E., F.R.S., from 1844 to 1849, and was resident engineer during the formation of the Liverpool, Ormskirk, and Preston Railway. Since then he has been engaged in the manufacture and submersion of the most important lines of Submarine Telegraph Cables, almost from their initiation in 1850. He was among the pioneers of Atlantic Cables, and achieved the submergence of the first line of 1858, and that of other Atlantic lines. To his skill and energy the success of the Atlantic Expedition of 1866 is undoubtedly due; he perfected the paying out, and the recovering and grappling machinery for that cable, which so materially aided its submersion, and the recovery of the cable lost in the preceding year. He has also connected England with Gibraltar, Malta, and Alexandria, and laid other important lines of cable connecting various countries in the Mediterranean, North Sea, &c. He received the honour of knighthood in 1866, a Gold Medal from the Chamber of Commerce of Liverpool, March 14, 1867, and the insignia of the Order of St. Jago d'Espada from the King of Portugal.

CÁNOVAS DEL CASTILLO, Antonio, a Spanish statesman, born in 1830. He made his début in 1851, under the patronage of Señors Rios, Rosas and Pacheco, as chief editor of the Patria, in which he defended Conservative ideas. In 1854 he was named deputy for Malaga, and since that year has never ceased to occupy a seat in the Cortes. In 1856 he was Chargé d'Affaires at Rome, and drew up the historical memorandum on the relations of Spain with the Holy See, which served as a basis for the Concordat. He was then named successively Governor of Cadiz in 1855, Director-General of the Administration from 1858 to 1861, and lastly, in that same year, Under-Secretary of State for the Interior. In 1864 the Queen called him to the Ministry, together with Mon; O'Donnell chose him in 1865 as Minister of Finance and the Colonies; and he had the honour of drawing up the law for the abolition of the traffic in black slaves. Lastly, a little before the Revolution of 1868, he was the last to defend with energy in the Cortes the Liberal principle when all the parties which had supported his doctrine had deserted the Parliament. His greatest title to fame is that of having been the first—supported by Señors Elduayem, Bugallal, and