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Austrians. In 1851 he became an exile in Piedmont, where he remained till 1859, in which year he again took up arms for the liberation of Italy as one of the "Cacciatori delle Alpi." He was also one of the "mille" in the expedition in 1860, when he was wounded in the leg at the siege of Palermo. In 1866 he fought in the Trentino, and in 1867 at Monterotondo and Mentana. Up to the time of the adyent of the Left to power in 1876, Cairoli had never explicitly declared himself to have left his old Republican tendencies behind him, and definitively accepted the Constitutional Monarchy of Italy. Since that time, however, perhaps led in some degree by his confidence in his friend Depretis, he accepted the Monarchy. Signor Cairoli has lived in an atmosphere of revolution, and has always breathed defiance to the Vatican and to the Church. In March, 1878, when a new Ministry was formed, shortly after the accession of King Humbert, Signer Cairoli was placed at the head of it, being appointed President of the Council, without portfolio. On Oct. 23, in the same year, all the Ministers resigned, and Signer Cairoli, the Premier, was entrusted with the task of forming a new Cabinet. Soon afterwards (Nov. 17), as King Humbert, in company with the Queen and Signer Cairoli, was driving into Naples, a man named Giovanni Passanante attempted to stab His Majesty with a poniard. The attempt was fortunately frustrated by Signor Cairoli, who received a severe wound, while the King escaped with a mere scratch. Signor Cairoli received from the Chambers and the Italian people the warmest congratulations, in which the Sovereigns and most distinguished statesmen of Europe joined, but these ovations could not avert a new ministerial crisis. In the Chamber of Deputies a motion of confidence in the internal policy of the Government was rejected by 257 against 183 votes (Dec. 11, 1878), and the Ministers thereupon resigned. The Depretis ministry which was then formed was overthrown after half a year's tenure of power, and was succeeded by a new combination of the Left under Signor Cairoli, who was in turn compelled (Nov., 1879) to reconstruct his administration and to bring in Signor Depretis as Minister of the Interior. On May 14, 1881, the Ministry resigned, after the French expedition to Tunis, as their policy in regard to it had rendered them highly unpopular.

CALCUTTA, Bishop of. (See Johnson.)

CALDECOTT, Randolph, artist, was born in 1846, at Chester, and educated at Henry VIII.'s School, in that city. He received no art training. He was elected a member of the Manchester Academy of Arts in 1880, and of the Institate of Painters in Water Colours in 1882. Mr. Caldecott has exhibited works of painting and sculpture at the Royal Academy, and the Grosvenor Gallery. Among the numerous books illustrated by him are Washington Irving's "Old Christmas," 1875; "Bracebridge Hall," 1876; Mrs. Comyns Carr's "North Italian Folk," 1877; and Mr. H. Blackburn's "Breton Folk," 1879. In 1878 he began a series of "Picture Books," with "John Gilpin," and "The House that Jack Built;" and he has since produced two books each year. In 1883 he published "A Sketch Book," and "Some of Æsop's Fables with Modern Instances." Mr. Caldecott has made many drawings of original subjects for the Graphic, most of which have been reproduced in colours; and he has occasionally contributed to Punch and other periodicals.

CALDERON, Philip Hermogenes, B.A., son of the Rev. Juan Calderon, was born at Poitiers in 1833, studied at Mr. Leigh's academy and in the atelier of M. Picot