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not. The belt of mountains that encircles the city forms a cup, as it were, at the bottom of which the sun's action is added to the humid emanations of earth and sea. Besides, ever since the yellow fever visited the eastern coast, there seem to have remained germs of disease, which, according to the old inhabitants, did not exist previous to the advent of that terrible malady, and which cause fearful ravages among the unacclimated. I will first mention pulmonary phthisis, or consumption, which alone, according to the records of the Rio Janeiro hospitals, carries off a fifth part of the patients. The greater part of these are persons between twenty and thirty years of age, particularly among the Portuguese. Emigration affords us a key to the phenomenon. It is at this age that the emigrant leaves his country to seek a fortune elsewhere; and Portugal sends the largest number of emigrants to Brazil. Some physicians attribute the predominance of this disease to the pressure of the liver upon the lungs. Every one knows that the liver acquires immense volume under the influence of warm, moist climates. Without rejecting this explanation, I think the principal cause may be found in the imprudences too often committed by strangers at nightfall. The first hours of the night are fearful under the tropics. The sky being serene, the ground quickly cools, and sometimes the thermometer descends from one hundred to fifty degrees Fahrenheit. The effluvia that had risen into the atmosphere during the day rapidly descend and poison those who are so imprudent as to expose themselves.
YELLOW FEVER.
As for the yellow fever, it may be said its appearance is now only an accident; and of every three cases of the disease, there is generally but one that proves fatal, and that most frequently belongs to a person of the laboring class. A want of cleanliness, the poor food, and the imprudence of the laboring population explain this result. It is most liable to attack Europeans, especially Portuguese, and most frequently expends its violence on young persons from fifteen to thirty years of age. We have given an explanation of this fact above, Below we give a list showing the nationality of those who died of yellow fever at Rio Janeiro from December first, 1856, to the thirty-first of May, 1857. By this table a pretty correct idea may be formed of the relative number of emigrants sent to Brazil by the different nations of Europe:
Portuguese, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
764 | |
French, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
139 | |
English, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
82 | |
Italians, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
60 | |
Germans, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
59 | |
Various Nations, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
188 | |
Brazilians, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
80 | |
Slaves, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
15 | |
| ——— | ||
Total, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
1387 | |
It is seen that the Portuguese form more than half the whole number, the French one tenth, and the Brazilians only one seventeenth. Five sixths of the number are young people. The number of females is only one hundred and thirty-four. The small number of female emigrants and the sedentary life of the Brazilians explain these numbers, The most dreaded month is March, either because the atmosphere is no longer purified by the electrical discharges that daily shot through the air in the preceding months, or because the miasmas brought on by the rainy season then reach their highest development. It may be added that the yellow fever only visits the towns upon the sea-shore, and does not attack the negroes, It has its principal seat in the stomach, and manifests itself by headache and intense heat. Cholera, on the contrary, which by many is confounded with this disease, breaks out either on the coast or in the interior. It selects negroes for its victims in preference to whites, has its seat in the intestines, and its special characteristic is the coldness of the nervous centres. The first thing to be done in both cases is to try to restore perspiration. Infallible remedies are not wanting. Every body