ant commercial advantages. Five railways pass through or terminate in the
city,—including the Lake Shore and
Michigan Southern, a grand trunk line between the east and the west; a division of the Atlantic and Great Western, a leading channel of communication between the east and the south-west; and the Cleveland,
Columbus,
Cincinnati, and
Indianapolis, a direct line to
Cincinnati and the south. Other lines afford communication with the extensive
coal and petroleum
regions of
Pennsylvania. Cleveland is the northern terminus of the
Ohio Canal, which extends southwards to Portsmouth on the Ohio River. For the accommodation of the lake
commerce, a capacious harbour has been formed at the mouth of Cuyahoga River by extending two piers, 200
feet apart, 1200
feet into the lake. The
city has an extensive trade in copper and iron ore shipped from the Lake Superior mining region, and in
coal, petroleum, wool, and lumber, received by railroad, canal, and lake transportation. In 1873 the number of vessels entered in the coast-wise trade was 3238, having an aggregate
tonnage of 1,053,232 tons; 3204 vessels of 1,048,196 tons cleared. The foreign
commerce, which is exclusively with Canada, is
considerable,—the
imports amounting in 1874 to $449,118, and the domestic
exports to $1,426,990; 316 vessels of 64,213 tons entered in this trade, and 325 of 55,152 tons cleared. The total number of vessels registered, enrolled, and licensed in this district was 466, of 86,519 tons. Twenty vessels of 11,242 tons were built during the
year. About $20,000,000 of capital is invested in manufactures, the most important industries being those of iron and the production of refined petroleum. There are also several pork-packing establishments and
breweries. The
city contains six
national banks with a capital of $4,550,000, and two savings banks. The
government of the
city is vested in a mayor and a common council of two members from each of the eighteen wards. These officers are
elected by the people. The
city has an efficient police, a paid fire department, a board of public improvements, and a board of health. Besides the usual county and
municipal courts, the
United States circuit and district courts for the northern district of
Ohio are held here. The
city is supplied with water obtained from the lake by means of a tunnel 1
mile long, and forced into a large reservoir on high ground in the western part of the
city. The
streets are well paved, are lighted with gas, and are supplied with sewers. The reformatory and
charitable institutions are numerous and varied. The house of correction and workhouse is for the confinement of persons convicted of minor offences. The
city infirmary, connected with which are a farm and a house of refuge for the care and instruction of children, besides maintaining its inmates, affords relief to outdoor poor. The
city hospital is supported by
money received from those patients who are able to pay and from private
charity. The
charity hospital is maintained partly by contributions and partly by revenue from paying patients; connected with it is a lying-in hospital. There are also a homœopathic hospital founded by the Cleveland homœopathic college, a foundling hospital, and a
United States marine hospital, which is supported by appropriations made by Congress and by a tax on sailors. The Cleveland Protestant orphan asylum has an endowment fund of about $50,000, from the interest of which, and by private contributions, it is maintained.
St Vincent's orphan asylum for males, and
St Mary's orphan asylum for females, are Roman Catholic institutions, accommodating about 150 inmates each. An orphan asylum is also maintained by the Jews. Among other benevolent institutions are the home for the aged poor, the home for working women under the management of the women's
charitable association, and the Bethel home for destitute sailors. The children's aid society, since its organization in 1857, has secured homes for nearly 1500 children, besides extending aid to more than 5000. There are three industrial schools, maintained partly by the
city, and partly by benevolent citizens, for the benefit of destitute children. The total
debt of the
city in 1875 was $7,397,500; and the property taxed for
city purposes was valued at $73,210,144. The public schools in 1874 comprised 18 primary, 17 grammar, and 3 high schools, in which were enrolled, including those in the evening schools, 19,021 pupils, with an average daily attendance of 12,085. The total number of teachers was 261. The expenditure for the public schools during the
year amounted to $382,921. Besides the above, there were enrolled in private and parochial schools 8808 pupils. Cleveland has no college or university, but there are several excellent seminaries,
academies, and private schools for the advanced education of both sexes. Professional instruction is afforded by the Cleveland medical college, the homœopathic hospital college, and the medical department of the university of Wooster (each having about fifteen professors), the
Ohio State and
union law school, and
St Mary's
theological seminary (Roman Catholic). The Cleveland library association has about 11,000 volumes, the public library, supported by
taxation, about 20,000, and the law library about 2000. The Bethel free reading-rooms are open to the public, and the western reserve historical society has a valuable collection of books. There are published in the
city 51 newspapers and periodicals; of these 6 appear
daily, 4 thrice a
week, 18
weekly, 2 fortnightly, 11
monthly, and 1 every two
months. Of these 7 are published in the German language, and 1 in the Bohemian. Cleveland has about 100 churches, the following being the largest
denominations:—the Methodist-Episcopal 18, Roman Catholic 15, Protestant Episcopal 11, Baptist 9, Presbyterian 8, and Congregational 4 churches.