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knowledge, coolness, and readiness of resource. From time to time he wrote upon surgical questions, contributing numerous papers to the Transactions of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, and to the medical journals. Probably his most important work is that entitled Pathological and Surgical Observations on the Diseases of the Joints, in which he attempts to trace the commencements of disease in the different tissues which form a joint, and to give an exact value to the symptom of pain as evidence of organic disease. The thoughts suggested by this volume led to the adoption by surgeons of measures of a conservative nature in the treatment of diseases of the joints, by which the number of amputations has been reduced, and many limbs and lives have been saved. He also wrote on diseases of the urinary organs, and on local nervous affections of a surgical character. Brodie was a man of restless activity; to use his own words, he felt "his happiness to be in a life of exertion." When released from professional cares he had recourse to literary and scientific pursuits, and especially to the study of psychological questions. He was fond of reading, collecting facts, and speculating on all matters connected with mental phenomena; and in 1854 he published anonymously a work entitled Psychological Inquiries—the First Part. A second edition of this work appeared in 1855, a third in 1856, a fourth in 1862, and in the same year the Second Part was also published. This work enjoyed well-merited popularity, as it was written in clear untechnical language, and revealed the speculations of the writer concerning the mind of man. When the name of the author became known, the greatest interest was excited in the work, although it contains nothing new to professed psychologists. He wrote also occasionally for the quarterly reviews.

Brodie received many honours during his career. He was the medical adviser of three successive sovereigns, and in 1834 he was elevated to the rank of a baronet. It is generally believed that he might have been created a peer had he desired the honour. He became a corresponding member of the French Institute in 1844, D.C.L. of Oxford in 1855, and president of the Koyal Society in 1858; and he was the first president of the Medical Council under the Act for the Education and Registration of the Medical Profession.

BRODY, a town of Austria, in the circle of Zloczow, in Galicia, near the Russian frontier. It contains three large synagogues, a Jewish hospital, and a Jewish college, and from its prevailing Jewish character has been called the German Jerusalem. There are also one Roman Catholic and three Greek churches and an industrial school. Its castle is the residence of the Counts Potocki. It is the seat of an extensive trade carried on with Russia and Turkey, and has two large annual fairs, the principal articles of sale being wool, cotton, silk, and peltry. In 1869 the population, of which about two-thirds are Jews, amounted to 18,890. Brody was founded in 1679 under the name of Lubicz, and was raised to the rank of a free commercial city in 1779.

BROGLIE, Achille Léonce Victor Charles, Duc de, peer of France, was born in Paris 28th November 1785, and died 25th January 1870. The family from which this eminent statesman descended was of Piedmontese origin, but it won its honour in the service of France. The first Marshal de Broglie (1639–1727) served with distinction under Louis XIV.; his son, known as the Chevalier de Broglie (1671–1745), was raised to the highest grade in the French peerage for his gallant military service at Guastalla and at Prague in 1742, but he refused the rank of marshal of France, which was offered to him by the regent, on the ground that his father, who was still alive, deserved it more than he did. The next in descent was the second marshal (1718–1804), who commanded the French armies in the Seven Years War, for which he was created a prince of the empire, and though subsequently disgraced and exiled by the intrigues of the Condés, he was recalled in 1789 by Louis XVI. to the office of commander-in-chief. To stem the tide of the Revolution was impossible. The marshal speedily fell from power, emigrated to Germany, refused the solicitation of Napoleon to return to France, and died at Münster in 1804.

The son of this veteran followed an opposite course and met with a more untimely end. He adopted the liberal opinions of the time. He followed Lafayette and Rochambeau to America. He sat in the Constituent Assembly, constantly voting on the Liberal side. He served as chief of the staff to the Republican army on the Rhine; but, like many other champions of the Revolution, he was denounced, arrested, dragged to Paris, and executed on the 27th June 1794. The parting injunction he left to his son, Victor de Broglie, the subject of this notice, then a boy nine years old, was ever to remain faithful to the cause of liberty, even though it were ungrateful and unjust. His father murdered, his mother imprisoned, his property confiscated and plundered, the young de Broglie first appears in life in wooden shoes and a red cap of liberty, begging an assignat from the younger Robespierre. Yet he adhered to the cause for which his father had died; he maintained through life the principles of 1789. He seemed to have forgotten his own rank, until he was reminded of it at the Restoration by a writ of summons to the Chamber of Peers, and in early life he served, not unwillingly, as one of the officers of the council of state of the emperor Napoleon I.

In 1815, before he had completed his 30th year, the Duc de Broglie was summoned by Louis XVIII. to the Chamber of Peers. He combined, in a manner rare in France, the qualities we are wont to respect in the most eminent members of the British aristocracy,—high rank, independent fortune, unblemished integrity, unflinching patriotism, and a sincere and consistent attachment to liberal opinions. The first incident in his parliamentary life was the trial of Marshal Ney, and on this occasion he had the courage to speak and vote alone for the acquittal of the prisoner, on the ground that he was not guilty of deliberate treason; no other peer of France supported his protest on that occasion. During the Restoration he continued to take an active part in the defence of liberal opinions and measures. He refused to take office in the cabinet of M. de Serre. He opposed the reactionary policy of the court. He supported the short-lived administration of M. de. Martignac, and he acted with the party known as the doctrinaires, of which M. Royer-Collard was the founder, and M. Guizot the ablest representative. Meanwhile, in 1816, he had married the daughter of Madame de Stael, a union of unbroken domestic happiness; and he had pledged himself to that sacred cause of Negro emancipation, in which he was the worthy rival and ally of Clarkson, Buxton, Wilberforce, and Brougham. The revolution of July 1830 imposed fresh duties on the Duc de Broglie. Though reluctant to take office from his cold, retiring, and unambitious temperament, he consented to hold the ministry of public worship in the first cabinet of Louis Philippe's reign, and in 1832, after the death of Casimir Périer, he was prevailed upon to take the more important department of foreign affairs. In this function he