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F O W F R A

FOWLERITE, mineral, xvi. 417.

FOWLING-PlECE, gun, XI. 279; XXI.

832.

FOWNES, George, English chemist, IX.

493- Fox, carnivorous mammal, IX. 493; xv.

438; Arctic, colour of, XVI. 343; skins

of, ix. 838. , Charles James, English statesman,

IX. 494; vm. 358; Burke s dissension

with, IV. 548; his relations with Pitt,

xix. 137. , George, founder of the Quakers,

ix. 500; xvn. 135; xx. 147, 152;

friend of Penn, xvm. 496. , Henry Kichard Yassall, Lord

Holland, xn. 99.

, Kate, American spiritualist, xxn.

405.

-, Luke, Arctic explorer, XIX. 318. -, Richard, bishop of Winchester, IX.

502. , Robert Were, his dip circle, xvi.

161. , Sir Stephen, English Royalist, IX.

494-

- BAT, or Flying Fox, bat, ix. 352. FOXDALE MINES, silver and lead, Isle

of Man, xv. 451. FOXE, John, English martyrologist, IX.

502.

FOXGLOVE, plant, VH. 237. FOXHOUNDS, vn. 329; xn. 314. Fox ISLANDS, Aleutian Islands, North

Pacific, I. 480.

FOX-SHARK, fish, xxi. 777. Fox-TALBOT, William H., photographic

discoverer, xxill. 27; XVin. 824. FOY, Maximilien Sebastien, French

general and politician, ix. 503. FOYLE, river, Ireland, VII. 361. FRA AMBROGIO (Paolo della Robbia),

Florentine sculptor, xx. 591. FRA ANGELICO (Fiesole, or Guido di

Vicchio), Italian painter, IX. 148, 772;

xxi. 434, 435, 442. FRAAS, Karl Nikolas, German botanist,

ix. 504. FRA BARTOLOMMEO (Baccio della

Porta), Italian painter, in. 194; xxi.

442.

FRACASTORIO, Hieronymo, Italian phy sician and poet, ix. 504. FRACTIONS, in algebra, I. 529, 558; in

arithmetic, II. 529; decimal, use of, by

Napier, xvn. 185; by Stevinus, XXII. 546; vulgar, tables of, xxill. 8, 13. FRACTURE, in surgery, xxn. 68 1.

, of materials, by tension or com pression, xxii. 601.

, in minerals, its varieties, xvi.

379- FRA DIAMANTE, Italian painter, vn.

162.

FRA DIAVOLO, Italian brigand, ix. 504. FRAGARIA, genus of plants, xn. 276;

xxii. 592.

FRA GlOCONDO, Veronese architect, xxiv. 154, 172.

FRAGMENS PHILOSOPHIQUES, Cousin s work, vi. 522.

FRAHN, Christian Martin, German nu mismatist and Orientalist, IX. 504.

FRA LUCA (Marco della Robbia), Floren tine sculptor, xx. 591.

FRAMBCESIA, disease, xxiv. 732.

FRAMES, for bridges, IV. 3 1 5.

FRAMING, in joinery, iv. 490, 493.

FRAMLINGHAM, town, England, ix. 505; castle, xxii. 622.

FRANCAIS, of Nantes, Count, French politician and writer, IX. 505.

FRANCAVILLA, town, Italy, ix. 505.

FRANCE, ix. 505 (including geography and statistics, 505; history, 527, see below; language, 629; literature, 657; index, 687); academies in, I. 70, 71, 77; architecture, II. 429, 441 ; army, II. 600; arsenals, II. 634; artillery, II. 658, 660, 665; Bank of, in. 337; institution of banks in, IV. 367; birds, XVIII. 17; citizenship in, I. 576; coalfields, vi. 55; Code Napoleon, VI. 105; coins, XVII. 655; colonies, VI. 159; drama, vii. 423; drama in time of Corneille,vi. 420; fisheries, IX. 268; forests, IX. 402; foundling hospitals, IX. 482; govern ment, XI. 14; history, IX. 527, see below; irrigation works, Xlll. 369; Jansenist controversies in, XIII. 566; Jews in, Xlll. 682; language, IX. 629; land laws, xiv. 262; form of land tenure, I. 415; libraries, xiv. 513, 524, 545; literature, IX. 637; mines, xvi. 467; national debt, xvn. 246; navy, xvn. 298; newspapers, xvn. 423; nobility, xvn. 530; xvin. 468; observatories, XVII. 712; opium culti vation, xvn. 792; oyster culture, xvin. 107; periodicals, xvill. 539; police system, xix. 342; post office, xix. 580; Presbyterian Church, XIX. 693; prison system, xix. 759; railways, xx. 250; settlements in India, II. 702; XII. 799, 800, 804; settlement at New Orleans, U.S.A., xvn. 403; technical schools, xxin. 108; university of, xxin. 851; wine industry, XXIV. 604. , History of, IX. 527; conquest of

Algeria by, I. 566; colonization of North America, IV. 766; protectorship of Annam, xxin. 440; war with Austria, in. 130; the Carbonari in, v. 89 ; Colbert s financial reforms, vi. 121 ; war in the East (1799), xxin. 648; Hundred Years war with Eng land, vin. 318; Fouche s police ad ministration, ix. 476; Huguenots, xn. 337; invasion of Italy by (1492), Xlll. 481; of Prussia (1806), XX. 11; inva sion of, by the Arabs, xvi. 576; II. 258; by William I. of Prussia (1870), xxiv. 582; Inquisition established in i. 487; suppression of Knights

Templars in, XXI n. 164; government of Louis Philippe, xi. 269; in time of Mazarin, xv. 652; under Napoleon I., xvn. 192; under Napo leon III., xvn. 228; relations to Normandy, xvn. 539; to the papacy, vi. 241; Reformation in, xx. 334; Renaissance period, xx. 390; wars with Russia, xxi. 100, 102; connexion with long-King, xxin. 440; relations with the United States, xxin. 733, 742, 744, 755, 782. FRANCE, Institute of, xin. 160.

, Isle of, or Mauritius, xv. 639.

, The twelve peers of, xvin. 468.

FRANCESCA, Piero de , Italian painter, xix. 82; xxi. 435.

DA RIMINI, daughter of Malatesta,

xx. 556. FRANCESCHI, or Francesca, Piero de ,

Italian painter, xix. 82; xxi. 435. FRANCESCHINI, Baldassare, Italian

painter, IX. 687. FRANCESCO I., grand-duke of Tuscany,

xv. 791. DA BARBERINO, mediaeval Italian

poet, xin. 501.

DI PUGLIA, Fra, his challenge to

Savonarola, XXI. 337.

FRANCEVILLE, station, West Africa, xvn. 733.

FRANCHE COMTE, province, France, ix. 687.

FRANCHINA, Descartes s automaton, xv. 208.

FRANCHISE, in law, ix. 688; parliamen tary, British, xx. 344.

FRANCIA (Francesco Raibolini), Italian painter, ix. 688; xxi. 437.

, Jose Gaspar Rodriguez, dictator of

Paraguay, ix. 688.

FRANCIABIGIO (Francesco di Cristofano), Italian painter, IX. 689.

FRANCIS, St, of Assisi, founder of Fran ciscan order, IX. 692; xin. 500; xvi. 710; stigmatization of, xxn. 549.

, St, of Paola, founder of order of

Minims, ix. 695; xvi. 711.

, St, of Sales, devotional writer, IX.

695, 654. I., emperor, IX. 691; x. 503.

II. (Francis I. of Austria), emperor,

IX. 691; his character, in. 136. I., emperor of Austria, ix. 691; in.

136- I., king of France, IX. 689, 555; his

relations with Henry VIII. of England,

xi. 663; his rule in Italy, xin. 482;

his attitude towards the Reformation,

xx. 328, 334. II., of France, ix. 691, 559.

, duke of Guise, xi. 266. , Alban, English Benedictine monk,

xvn. 444.

, Francis, on fly fishing, II. 37. , Sir Philip, English politician and