Page:Cyclopedia of painters and paintings (IA cyclopediaofpain04cham).pdf/227

hatred of other artists; but his real talent is proved by his St. Dominick burning the Heretical Books, in S. Domenico. Ranuccio, Duke of Parma, invited him to his court, and he spent the rest of his days there. Other works: Prodigal Son, Æneas and Anchises, Concert, Martyrdom of St. Christopher, Louvre; Melchisedec blessing Abraham, Bologna Gallery; Painter's Portrait, Uffizi, Florence; Chastity of Joseph, Lille Museum; Christ crowned with Thorns, Naples Museum; Christ before Pilate, Parma Gallery.—Malvasia, ii. 73; Ch. Blanc, École bolonaise; Burckhardt, 764, 788, 790, 803.

SPAENDONCK, GERARDUS VAN, born at Tilburg, March 23, 1746, died in Paris, May 11, 1822. Dutch school; flower painter, pupil of Herreyns; went to Paris about 1770, and became miniature painter to the king in 1774. His flower and fruit-pieces are almost equal to the best by Huysum. Professor of iconography at the Jardin des Plantes and member of the Institute (1781). Works: Flowers and Fruits (1789), Louvre. His brother, Cornelis (1756-1840), distinguished in the same branch, painted especially for the porcelain factory at Sèvres.—Ch. Blanc, École hollandaise; Immerzeel, iii. 101.

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SPAGNA, LO, born in 14—, died about 1530. Umbrian school; real name Giovanni di Pietro, but commonly called, from his nationality, Lo Spagna (the Spaniard). Called by Vasari, Giovanni Spagnuolo. Art education wholly Italian, under Perugino and Pinturicchio. Was the companion of Raphael in the school of Perugino, and his manner is a mixture of the Peruginesque and Raphaelesque without the high qualities of either. Appears first as an independent master at Todi, but usually lived at Spoleto. Among his early works are the feeble Nativity, at the Vatican, called the Madonna della Spineta, and the Adoration of the Magi, Berlin Museum (attributed to Raphael). They are Peruginesque in distribution and drawing, and Raphaelesque in accompaniments of type and drapery, and are of great interest as showing how Lo Spagna combined the methods of his master and comrade. This is further illustrated in the Madonna with Saints in the Perugia Gallery, and the Madonna in the Rovigo Gallery, assigned to Perugino. Fine frescos by him still exist at Todi, Trevi, Spoleto, Narni, Perugia, and Assisi. In 1516 Lo Spagna received the freedom of the city of Spoleto, and the following year he was elected captain of the guild of St. Luke. With none of Pinturicchio's hardness, pure and simple in style, Lo Spagna is, after Raphael, the most sympathetic of Perugino's scholars. Other works: Nativity, Louvre; Nativity, Vatican; Ecce Homo, National Gallery, London; Madonna Enthroned, in lower church, S. Francesco, Assisi; Coronation of the Virgin, Municipio, Narni; Madonna, Palazzo Pubblico, Spoleto.—C. & C., Italy, iii. 303; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., xi. 53; ed. Mil., iii. 593; Ch. Blanc, École ombrienne; Burckhardt, 574, 649; Lübke, Gesch. ital. Mal., i. 444.

SPAGNOLETTO, LO, born at Jativa, Spain, Jan. 12, 1588, died in Naples in 1656. Valencian and Neapolitan schools. Real name Josef de Ribera; pupil in Valencia of Francisco Ribalta; went when quite young to Rome, and lived, while studying, on the charity of his comrades, who nick-