Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/940

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GUA

( l 9° )

GUE

faid to have been the firft who took Guards at Rome. fDi- onyf. Halicamafiieus, lib. iv. and yet we find that Romulus form'd himfelfa Guard, confiiUng at fait of 12 Lictors, and afterwards of 300 Soldiers, whom he called Celeres. See Celeres.

T.he Roman Emperors had, for their Guard, the Preto- rian Cohorts, eftabli/hed by Juguftus, as Dion and Sueto- nius relate : Thofe of the Emperors of Conjiantinople, were called Buccellarii. See Euccellarii; fee alio Domes- tici and Protectop.es.

Captain of the Guards, Colonel of the Guards, Brigadier of the Guards, Exempt of the Guards, &c. See Captain, Colonel, Brigadier, Exempt,^.

Teamen of the Guards. See Yeomen vftheGuards.

The French Guards are divided into thofe within, and thofe without the Palace : The firlt coniifts of the Gardes du Corps, q. d. Body-Guard ; part whereof are Gardes de la Manchc, q. d. of the Elbow : The hundred Swisses and the Guards of the Gate.

The Guards without, are Gens d'JJrmcs, Light-Horfe, Mufqueteers, and two Regiments of Guards, the one of French, the other S-zvifs. See Gensd'Af-mes.

The Garde du Corps, or Fife-Guard, confifls of four Companies of Horfe : The firifc was antiently Scotch, and ftil! retains the Name; tho' it now confiils wholly of French Men. Not only the Name, but they alio retain the antient Phrafe or Formula of anfwering when called upon, / am here. The Scotch Guard was firft cftabliflied in France by Charles VII. who chole himielf a Guard out of fuch Scots as were fent by the Earls of Buccan, Douglas, and other Scotch Lords, to drive out the JLnglifh.

Prctorian Guards,; r J~Pb.etor.ian, White Guards, j ") Sciiolares.

Guard, in Fencing, an Action or Polture proper to de- fend or fcreen the Body from the Efforts, or Attacks of an Enemies Sword — See Fencing and Defence.

There are four general Guards of the Sword ; to conceive which, it will be ncceffary to imagine a Circle drawn on an upright Wall, and divided into four Cardinal Points, viz. top, bottom, right, and left.

Now, when the Point of the Sword is directed to the bottom Point of the Circle, and conlcqucntly the Head of the Sword tilted up to the top Point, with the Body inclin- ing forwards ; this is called 'Prime, or the firfl Guard — The fecond Guard, which fome improperly called the third, is when the Point of thcSword is directed to the right or fecond Point of the fame Circle, a Quadrant diftant from the firfl ; with the Fort of the Sword turn'd to the right, and the Body rais'd proportionably — 'Tierce, or the third Guard, is per- formed by directing the Sword's Point to the uppermoft Point of the fame Circle diametrically oppofite to that of 'Prime : In which Cafe the Body, Arm, and Sword, are in their na- tural Difpofition, being the Mean between the Extremes of their Motion — j$uart, or the fourth Guard, is when the Point of the Sword is directed to the fourth Point of rhe Cir- cle, defcending to the right as far as one fourth of Tierce, wirh the external Side of the Arm and the Flat of thcSword turn'd towards the Ground ; and the Body out of the Line to the right, and the Fort of the Sword towards the Line to the left— There is aifo £u:nt, or a kind of fifth Guard, be- ing the return of the Point of the Sword on the right, after traversing the Circle, to the Point of the Prime whence it had departed ; and yet with a different Difpofition of the Body, Arm, and Sword.

Thefe Guards are alfo c&McdFigures and Poflures; and the common Centre of all their Motions is to be in the Shoulder.

In all thefe Kinds of Guards, there arc high advanced, high retired, and high inter mediate Guards, when difpofed before the upper part of the Body, either with the Arm quite extended, quite withdrawn, or in a mean State — - Mean advanced Guard, or limply mean Guard, is when the Sword is dilpofed before the middle part of the Body — Low advanced, retired, or intermediate Guards, are thofe where the Arm and Sword are advanced, withdrawn, or, between the two Extremes, "before the lower part of the Body.

Some will have Prime the principal Guard ; others^/mf; others, with better Reafon, Tierce, in regard it confiffs of right Lines, which are more eafily defended than oblique ones, fuch as thofe of Prime, Second, J^uart, and £>innt. See Sword.

Guards, in Aftronomy, is a Name fometitnes applied to the two Stars ncareit the Pule, being in the hind part of the Chariot, at the Tail of the little Bear. See Cynosure.

Their Longitude, Latitude, &c. fee among thofe of the other Stars in the Comtellation Ursa minor.

One of them is the Pole Star. Sec Pole Star.

GUARD ANT, or Gardant, in Heraldry, a Term- ap- plied to a Lion or other Beaft when born in a Coat of Arms, full faced, or with his Face turned towards the Spectator, and thus appearing in a Pofture of Guard, and Defence. — The Heralds lay a Lion is never io reprefented, but a Leopard always.

GUARDIAN, or Gardian, he to whom the Charge or Cuftody of any Perfon or Thing is committed. See Ward.

The Notion of Guardian Angils, is very antient in the Eafi. See Djemon.

In the Convents k^ Fraud ft ans, the Officer is called Guar- dian who in the reft is called Superior. See Superior.

In the Order of the Garter, the Officer who in other mi- litary Orders is called Grand- Mailer, is called the Sove- reign Guardian of the Order. Sec Garter.

Guardian, in Law, is a Perfon intruded with the Edu- cation, Tuition, £?c. of fuch as are not of fufficiem Difcre- tion to guide themfelves, and their own Affairs; as Chil- dren, and Ideots.

The Word Guardian, with us, includes the Offices both of the Tutor and Curator of the Civilians : The Tutor, for inftance, had the Government of a Youth, till he arrived at 14 Years of Age. See Tutor. And the Curator had the Difpofition and ordering of his Effects thenceforward, till 25 Xears of Age; or the Charge of a Lunatick, during his Lunacy. See Curator; all which Purpolcs, our Guardi- an alone anfwers.

We have three Kinds of Guardians: One appointed by the Father in his Will; another by the Judge afterwards ; and a third caft upon a Minor by the CuKom of the Land : But the antient Law relating to Guardians, is much alter'd by Stat. 12. Car. If. which ordains that, 'Where any Perfon ' has a Child under the Age of 21 Years, and unmarried at ■ the Time of his Death, it /hall be lawful for rhe Father ' of the Child, whether born at the Time of his Dcceale,

  • or yet in ventre fa mere, cither by Deed or Will, to dif-

4 pofe of the Cutlody and Tuition of fuch Child while un- 1 der Age, or for any lefTer Time, to any Perfon, Popifh ( Recufants excepted : Which Difpofition mall be good a- ' gainft all Perfons claiming fuch Child as Guardian in So- 1 cage, or othcrwife. And in Cafe the Father appoint no

  • Guardian, the Ordinal*)' may appoint one to look to his

' Goods and Chattels till the Age of fourteen- at which

  • Time the Child may chufe a Guardian himfelf. And
  • for his Lands, the next of kin on that fide by which the

' Lands defcends, ihall not be Guardian, as heretofore in 1 Cafe of a Tenure in Socage. See Socage.

Guardian of the Spiritualities, is he to whom the fpx- ritual Jurifdiciion of a Diocefc is committed, during the Vacancy of the See. See Vacancy.

This Guardian may be either fuch in Law, i.e. 'Jure Magiflratus, as the Archbifhop is of any Diocefe within his Province ; or by Delegation, as he whom the Archbi- fhop or Vicar- General, does for the Time depute. See Vicar, £=fc.

The Dean and Chapter of Canterbury, are Guardians both for the Diocefe, and the whole Province, during a Va- cancy of the Archbifhop.

Guardian, or Warden, of the Cinque -Ports, is an Officer who has the Jurifdiction of the Cinque-Ports, with all the Power that the Admiral of England has in other Places. See Cinq^ue-Ports, and Admiral.

Cambden relates, that the Romans, after they had fettled themfelves, and their Empire in our Ifland, appointed a Magi ft rate or Governour over the Eaft Parts wnere the Cinque-Ports lie, with the Title of Comes Littoris Saxonici per 'Britanniam ; having another that bore the like Title, on the oppofite Side of the Sea. Their Bufinefs was to ftrengthen the Sea Coaft with Munition againft the Outra- ges and Robberies of the Barbarians. And that Antiquary takes our Warden of the Cinque- Ports to have been erected in Imitation hereof. Britannia, p. 228. Guardian of the Peace. See Conservator of the Peace.

GUELPHS, or Guelfs, a celebrated Faction in Italy, Antagohifls of the Gihellim. See Gieellin.

The Guelphi and Gihellins fill'd Italy with Blood and Carnage for many Years. The Guelphs ftood for the Pope, againlt the Emperor. Their Rife is referr'd by fome to be the Time of Conrad III. in the 12th Century; by others to that of Frederic I. and by others, to that of his Succeffor Frederic II, in the 15th Century.

The Name Guetfh commonly {aid to have been form'd from that oUVclfe, Welfo, on the following Occafion : The Emperor Conrad III. having taken the Dutchy of Bavaria from JVelfe VI. Brother of Henry Duke of Bavaria, Wetfe t atfitted by the Forces of Roger "King of Sicily, made War on Conrad, and thus gave Birth to the Faction of the Guelfs.

Others chufe rather to derive the Name Wclfe from that oiGuelfon. Others, again, derive the Name Guelfs from the German Wolff, on account of the grievous Evils com- mitted by that cruel Faction. Laftly, others derive the Deno- mination from that of a German called Guelfe, who lived at Pijloyc; adding, that his Brother, named Gibel, gave the Name to the Gibcllines : Under which Head, the Reader will find a more ample Account of the Origin and Hiftory of thofe celebrated Factions.

GUER1TE, in Fortification, a fmall Tower of Wood or Stone, placed ufually on the Point of a Baltion, or on the Angles of the Shoulder; to hold a Centinel, who is to take care of the Ditch, and watch out againfl a Surprize —

GUEST-TAKERS, or Gist-takers. See Agistors.

GUET,

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