Page:Critique of Pure Reason 1855 Meiklejohn tr.djvu/201

other, and thereby constitute a whole. If this subjective community is to rest upon an objective basis, or to be applied to substances as phænomena, the perception of one substance must render possible the perception of another, and conversely. For otherwise succession, which is always found in perceptions as apprehensions, would be predicated of external objects, and their representation of their co-existence be thus impossible. But this is a reciprocal influence, that is to say, a real community (commercium) of substances, without which therefore the empirical relation of co-existence would be a notion beyond the reach of our minds. By virtue of this commercium, phænomena, in so far as they are apart from, and nevertheless in connection with each other, constitute a compositum reale. Such composita are possible in many different ways. The three dynamical relations then, from which all others spring, are those of Inherence, Consequence, and Composition. ***** These, then, are the three analogies of experience. They are nothing more than principles of the determination of the existence of phænomena in time, according to the three modi of this determination; to wit, the relation to time itself as a quantity (the quantity of existence, that is, duration), the relation in time as a series or succession, finally, the relation in time as the complex of all existence (simultaneity). This unity of determination in regard to time is thoroughly dynamical; that is to say, time is not considered as that in which experience determines immediately to every existence its position; for this is impossible, inasmuch as absolute time is not an object of perception, by means of which phænomena can be connected with each other. On the contrary, the rule of the understanding, through which alone the existence of phænomena can receive synthetical unity as regards relations of time, determines for every phænomenon its position in time, and consequently á priori, and with validity for all and every time.

By nature, in the empirical sense of the word, we understand the totality of phænomena connected, in respect of their existence, according to necessary rules, that is, laws. There are therefore certain laws (which are moreover à priori) which