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Ḍingal, and in this connection is distinguished from Pingal, the name given in Rājputānāa to the Braj Bhāshā dialect of Western Hindī, which was also used in this area as a literary dialect.

Western Hindī has as its principal dialects, Bāngarū, to the west of the Ganges in the highlands of the South-Eastern Panjab; Braj Bhāshā, the language spoken in Muttra and the surrounding district, which is the chief dialect of Western Hindī for poetry; Kanauji (very similar to Braj Bhasha), which is spoken in the lower part of the central Doab and the country to the north; Bundelī, in Bundelkhaṇḍ and a good portion of the Narbada valley in the Central Provinces; and another dialect spoken in the neighbourhood of Delhi and Meerut. Delhi being for a long time the headquarters of the Muhammadan conquerors of North India, it was from the dialect of this district that the lingua franca of the Mughal camp originated. A great many words of Persian and Arabic origin were introduced into this dialect as well as those of Panjābī and Rajāsthāni, and the Persian character was used for writing it. The word "Urdu" literally means "Camp." Urdu was the camp language. Muhammadan influence extended its use far and wide, and it eventually became a literary language. Modern "High Hindī" was developed from Urdu by the exclusion of Persian and Arabic words and the substitution of those of pure Indian origin, Sanskrit or Hindi. The name Khari Boli (i.e. "pure speech") is sometimes used by Indian scholars both for the original dialect of Delhi and Meerut, and for the modern High Hindī developed by Lallū Ji Lāl; but they are not identical, as will be shown later in a subsequent chapter when the circumstances of the formation of modern literary Hindī are related.

The dialects of Eastern Hindī, from North to South are Avadhī, Baghelī, and Chhattīsgaṛhī. Of these the chief literary dialect is Avadhī, spoken in the country of Ayodhy{{subst:1-}} (Oudh). Avadhī is also known as Baiswārī.