Indian Medicinal Plants/Natural Order Urticaceæ

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Vern. :-- Papri (H.) ; Vavala (Mar.), Aya (Tam.); Navili (Tel.) ; Rasbija (Can.).

Habitat :— Outer lower ranges of the Himalaya, from Jammu to Oudh, ascending to 2,000ft. From Banda and Bihar to Travancore.

A large, spreading deciduous tree. Bark ⅓in. thick, whitish-grey, exfoliating in long irregular flakes, soft, with an offensive smell when fresh, like the leaves and branchlets. Wood light, ​ yellowish-grey, moderately hard, no heartwood. Young shoots and inflorescence pubescent, otherwise mostly glabrous. Leaves elliptic, entire, those of the seedlings and coppice-shoots usually serrate ; blade 3-5 ; petiole ⅓-½in. long ; secondary nerves 5-7 pair. Flowers in short lateral, often compound corymbs. Male and female flowers mixed; perianth cleft nearly to the base; segments 5, hairy. Male flowers : — Stamens 8 ; anthers hairy, no rudiment of ovary. Hermaphrodite flowers : — Stamens 5 ; ovary compressed, 1-celled, stalked ; the stalk lengthening as the seed ripens, sometimes with the remains of the calyx at its base. Samara nearly orbicular, 1 inch diam., on a long slender or obliquely elliptic, glabrous or pubescent stalk. Wings membranous or chartaceous ; tip 2-fid, lobes incurved.

Uses: — The tree has a mucilaginous bark, which is boiled, and the juice squeezed out and applied to rheumatic swellings, the exhausted bark is then powdered and applied over the parts covered by the sticky juice. (Pharmacogr. Ind. III. 318).

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Vern. :— Batkar, brimdu, brimla, bigni, bingu, kharg, (Pb ) ; Tughar (Pushtu).

Habitat :— The Salt Range and Temperate Himalaya from Murree to Nepal.

A middle-sized, deciduous tree. Bark bluish-grey, smooth, with horizontal wrinkles. Wood grey or yellowish-grey, with irregular streaks of dark colour, hard Branchlets slender, pendulous ; branchlets, petioles and young leaves glabrous or hairy. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, base very oblique, sharply serrate, sometimes entire ; blade 3-5 ; petiole ½in. long ; the lateral basal nerves extending beyond the middle, but not to the tip of the leaf. Flowers with or before the leaves. Male flowers in axillary tufts, or racemed on short, leafless, axillary branchlets ; pedicels capillary. Sepals oblong, obtuse, marginally woolly. Female or bi-sexual flowers rather larger than the male. Ovary ovoid, woolly at the base all over. Drupe very variable in size and shape ; ¼-½in. long. (Brandis.) ​ Use : — The fruit is given as a remedy in amenorrhœa and colic. (Stewart,)

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Vern. : — Koditani (Tam.) ; Khomanig (Nilgiri) ; Nára Kiyaood (Ind. Bazars).

Habitat.:- Sikkim Himalaya, Assam ; Khasia Mts. ; Deccan Peninsula ; on the Ghats from S. Canara to Travancore.

An evergreen, lofty or small tree, 30-40ft. Branchlets slender, glabrous. Leaves entire or serrulate at the tip, coriaceous, penni-nerved ; secondary nerves 10-12 pair, impressed on the upper, and very prominent on the pair underside, 3-7in. Flowers dioecious. Male cymes shortly peduncled, branches short, many-fid. Male flowers rarely glabrous ; sepals 5, broad, obtuse, imbricate ; stamens 5, erect in bud ; pistillode woolly. Female flowers : — Sepals narrow, acute; ovary sessile ; style central ; arms 2, filiform, ovate, pendulous. Drupe usually 2-keeled, about as long as the pedicel, ½-¾in. long ; endocarp hard ; embryo contorted.

Uses: — Thunberg says: — "The tree is called by the Dutch Strunthont, and by the Cingalese Urenne, on account of its disgusting odour, which resides especially in the thick stem and the larger branches. The smell of it so perfectly resembles that of human ordure, that one cannot perceive the smallest difference between them. When the tree is rasped, and the raspings are sprinkled with water, the stench is quite intolerable. It is nevertheless taken internally by the Cingalese as an efficacious remedy. When scraped fine and mixed with lemon juice, it is taken internally, as a purifier of the blood in itch and other cutaneous eruptions, the body being at the same time anointed with it externally." (Travels, Vol IV. p. 234).

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Habitat :— Cultivated in N.W. Himalaya.

A perennial, twining, scabrid herb. Rootstock stout branched ; stem tall, scabrid or prickly, with reversed bristles. ​ Leaves 3-4in. diam., petioled, cordate, toothed, upper ovate, lower 3-5-lobed. Bracts and bracteoles scarious, covered with resinous glands. Male flowers :— ¼in. diam. ; panicles 3-5in. across. Female flowers :— In heads, ½in. diam., yellow ; styles purple ; fruiting l½in. diam. ; scales orbicular.

Uses : — It is officinal in both the British and Indian Pharmacopœias.

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Syn. : — C. indica, Lamk.

Eng. -. — Indian hemp.

Sans. : — Ganja, vajradru, bhangah, vijayá.

Vern. : — Gánje-ká-pér, kinnab, bháng (H.) ; gánjá, bháng, siddhí (B.) ; Bhang, charas (Pb.) ; Bháng (Mar.) ; Gánja-uhed, korkkar-muli, gánja-ilai, kalpam (Tam.) ; Ganjari-chettu, bangiaku, kalpam-chettu, ganjah (Tel.) ; Tsjerucansjava, kancháva-chetti (Mal.).

Habitat : — Throughout India, wild in the N.-W. Himalaya, cultivated elsewhere.

A tall, erect, annual herb. Stem 4-8ft., Leaves alternate or the lower opposite, upper 1-3-lower 5-11-partite, serrate, palmati-nerved, 4-8in. diam. Stipules lateral. Flowers green, small, axillary, diœcious ; males fascicled in short, pendulous panicles. Female flowers crowded under leafy convolute bracts. Male flowers : — Sepals 5, imbricate, stamens 5, erect in bud. Pistillode 0. Female flowers : — Perianth hyaline, embracing the ovary or 0. Ovary sessile ; style central ; arms 2, filiform, caducous ; ovule pendulous. Achene compressed, crustaceous. Seed flattened, albumen unilateral, fleshy. Embryo curved, cotyledons broad, thick, sub-equal, radicle upcurved incumbent.

Uses : —Officinal in the Indian as well as British Pharmacopœias, and its uses are too well-known to be detailed here.

It should be used fresh. It deteriorates on keeping. Hence those imported from Europe not efficacious, and so, the necessity of making its preparations in India.

Hemp seeds yield from 25 to 30 per cent, of a light green or greenish-yellow oil becoming brownish-yellow on keeping. The specific gravity is ​ from .925 to .931 ; saponification value, 190 to 193 ; iodine value, 144 to 166; the fatty acids melt at 17° to 19°. It is used on the Continent as a paint oil and for making soft soap. (Hooper.)

The essential oil purified by distillation in a current of steam and extraction with ether, is a mobile liquid boiling at 248-268° ; after repeated distillation from metallic sodium in order to remove as tearoptene, it yields a sesquiterpene C₁₅H₂₄ , as a mobile, colourless oil of aromatic odour, which boils at 256°, and has a density of 0.897 at 15.3°, and is slightly Iævorotatory. This soon resinifies on exposure to air, and on adding concentrated sulphuric acid to its chloroform solution, the liquid becomes first green, then blue, and red on heating. " Cannabene " prepared from this essence by Personne, was a mixture. (J. Ch. S. LXVIIL, pt. I (1895), p. 623.)

Charas, the natural exudation of the plant contains no chlorophyll. On analysis, it was found to contain 33 per cent, of an oil, having the formula C₁₈H₂₄O₂ . As this compound gives rise to all the symptoms of cannabis poisoning, the main effects produced by the drug are due to the action of this.

The ethereal extract from charas has yielded four distinct chemical compounds :—

1. A terpene, boiling at 160-180°. Yield 1.5 per cent.

2. A sesquiterpene, boiling at 258-259°. Yield 2 per cent.

3. A parffin (C 29 H 60 ), m. p. 63-64°. yield 0.15 per cent.

4. A toxic red oil, C₁₈H₂₄O₂ , boiling at 265° under a pressure of 20 mm. Yield 33 per cent, of the charas taken. This is a mixture of at least two compounds having similar physical characters. One of these, of the formula

C₂H₂₆O₂ , has been isolated, and this has been named cannabinol.

The physiological action of the terpenes closely resembles that of the other members of this class, of which ordinary turpentine may be taken as the type. In doses of 0.5 gram, they have very little effect and produce none of the characteristic symptoms of cannabis action. The red oil, on the contrary, is extremely active, and taken in doses of 0.05 gram induces decided intoxication followed by sleep. The symptoms produced by it are peculiar to Cannabis indica, and as none of the other products appears to possess this action, this substance must be regarded as the active constituent of the plant. (J. Ch. S. 1896, T. 539 and 1899, T. 20.)

On the standardisation of preparations of Indian Hemp. In 1908, Mr. Hooper suggested a chemical method of valuing Indian hemp, and proposed that the iodine value of the resinous constituents containing cannabinol should be taken as a gauge of the activity. In the British Medical Journal for May 20th, 1911, p. 1176, Messrs. Marshall and Wigner have examined this method and shown that this method is of no value and could not be used as a substitute for physiological standardisation. According to them, the " acetyl number " should be used for determining the Standardisation. But in a report on the value of the " Acetyl number " by Messrs. Marshall and Wood published in the same journal for June 1, 1912, p. 1234, they came to the conclusion that the Acetyl number cannot be used as a substitute for physiological standardisation. ​

Syn.: — Trophis aspera, Retz., Roxb. 714.

Sans. : — Sákhotaka.

Vern.: — Siorá, karchanna, rusa, daheya (H.) ; Sheora, (B.); Hara saijung (Kol.) ; Sahra (Santal) ; Sahuda (Uriya) ; Nugnai (Magh) ; Karasni (Gond.) ; Jindi, dahya (Pb.) ; Karvati, karera, karaoli, karchanua, rusa (Bomb.) ; Prayám, palpirai (Tam.) ; Bariniki, bari venka, barranki, pakki (Tel.) ; Mitli, punje (Kan.).

Habitat : — Drier parts of India, from Rohilkhund, eastward and southward to Travancore, etc.

A small, evergreen, rigid, shrub or scraggy, gnarled tree, attaining 20ft. in height. Bark ⅓in. thick, soft, light-grey, irregularly ribbed. Wood white, moderately hard, no heart-wood, no annual rings. All parts full of milky juice. Branchlets many, tomentose or pubescent. Leaves elliptic or obovate, penni-nerved, irregularly dentate, rough on both sides, with minute, raised, round dots, blade 2-4in., petiole very short, about 1/12in. long, stipules obliquely lanceolate. Flowers dioecious. Male in globose heads ; perianth campanulate, deeply 4-fid. pubescent outside ; sepals 4, imbricate. Stamens 4, long, inflexed in bud. Females solitary, on axillary, usually fascicled peduncles, ½in. long, perianth yellow, of 4 decussate ; closely imbricate sepals. Ovary straight, retuse ; styles 2, filiform, connate at base. Ovule pendulous. Fruit a yellow, 1-seeded, pisiform berry, enclosed in enlarged, fleshy sepals. Seed globose ; testa membranous ; albumen 0; embryo globose ; one cotyledon, very large, fleshy, enclosing the other, which is very small, and the upcurved radicle.

Uses : — The milky juice has astringent and antiseptic qualities, and is applied to sore heels and chapped hands. The bark in decoction is given in fevers, dysentery and diarrhœa. The roots are used as an application to unhealthy ulcers and sinuses. It is said to be an antidote to snake poison.

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Syn.: — M. alba, Var. Indica. Roxb. 658.

Sans. : — Shálmali, tula, tuda. ​ Vern.:— Tut, tutri (H.); Tut (B.) ; Nuni, bola (Assam); kimbu (Nepal) ; Mekrap, nambyong (Lepcha) ; Singtok (Bhutia) ; Tut, tutri, ambor, setur, tula ambor (Bomb.) ; Tut (M.) ; Shetur (Guz.) ; Kambili-púch ; Mushu kattai (Tam.) ; Kambali, kambali-búchi (Tel.) ; Hippal- verali (Kan.).

Habitat : — Temperate and Sub-tropical Himalaya, from Kashmir to Sikkim ; wild and cultivated (for silk- worm feeding) in Bengal, Assam, etc.

A moderate-sized, deciduous tree, with reddish or yellowish- brown, smooth bark, marked with long, horizontal lanticels. Leaves 2-5 by l-3in., ovate, caudate, acuminate, sharply serrate, often lobed, membranous, pubescent when young, scabrous when mature, 3-nerved at base ; petiole ½-1½in., long, sparsely hairy. Flowers monoecious. Female spikes ⅓-½in. long, ovoid ; styles long, hairy. Fruiting spikes black when ripe. Peduncle 1/10-1/5in. long, slender. Some consider this a more form of M. alba, with long points to the rougher leaves, connate styles and obovate sepals.

Uses : — The fruit has an agreeable, aromatic and acid flavor, is cooling and laxative, allays thirst, and is grateful in fevers.

The bark is supposed to be vermifuge and purgative.

The root is considered anthelmintic and astringent.

A decoction of the leaves is used as a gargle in inflammation and thickening of the vocal cords.

Sans. :— Tula.

Vern. : — Tút, túl, tulklu, chinni, chun (H.) ; Tut, chinni, satur, tutla, shah-tut (Bomb.) ; Uppu nute (Kan.).

Habitat :— Cultivated in the Punjab and N.-W. Himalaya.

A small or moderate-sized, deciduous tree, 30-40ft. Bark brown, rather rough. Wood hard ; sapwood white ; heartwood yellow or yellowish-brown, darkening on exposure, young shoots, petioles and underside leaves along nerves, slightly pubescent. Leaves ovate-dentate, frequently lobed, acute ; base often cordate, 2-3in., sometimes larger, rather membranous ; petiole ½-lin.; ​ basal nerves 3-5. Flowers monoecious, the sexes often on distinct branches. Spikes short, under 2 inches. Perianth of male flowers : — Sepals hairy, elliptic. Sepals of females 4, the 2 inner flat or concave, the outer more or less keeled. Female spikes ovoid, pedunculate. Styles free, short. Fruiting spikes peduncled, white or red, sweet.

Use:— The sweet, deep-red juice of the white or red form of the fruit is used for sore-throat, and acts as a pleasant refrigerant in cases of fever. The fruit is employed, by hakims, as remedy for sore throat, dyspepsia and melancholia. The bark is considered purgative and anthelmintic. (Punjab Products.)

The seeds, on extraction with ether, yield 33 per cent (A) and on pressing 24 p. c, (B) of a thick golden-yellow oil with a faint odour and a pleasant taste. It is very soluble in boiling 95 p. c. alcohol, soluble in an equal volume of absolute alcohol at 39°C. or of acetic acid at 41°C ; easily soluble in all fat solvents.

If specifically distinct, this plant, cultivated in Baluchistan, is allied to M. alba, Linn. The leaves are broader, firm, thick, 5-nerved, sub-sessile ; sepals and styles densely hairy, purple. Fruit acidulous-sweet.

Uses : — It is used like the other species of this genus.

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Syn. : — F. excelsa, Vahl., Roxb. 641.

Sans. : — Udumbar.

Vern. :— Dátir (Bomb.); Umbar (Guz. and Mar.) ; Koudajuvee ; Tellabarin ka (Tel.).

Habitat : — Bases of the hill ranges throughout India from Kumaon eastwards to Burma and southwards to Ceylon.

A small or at times large tree, erect, often epiphytic or climbing, enclosing the trunk of trees in a perfect network of branches or creeping along the walls and on the sides of wells. "Bark thin, smooth, greenish-yellow. Wood light-brown or grey, soft to moderately hard, divided into alternate, broad, hard, dark, and narrow, light, soft, more or less wavy, concentric rings. ​1186 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS.

The light rings occasionally anastomose. Pores moderate-sized to large, scanty, irregularly distributed. Medullary rays moderately broad, light coloured, rather short, not numerous. (Gamble). Leaves thinly coriaceous (broad, rhomboid, says Gamble), often very unequal-sided, angular and with intra-marginal veins, the lowest pair of the base usually running near the edge, intermediate and tertiary distinct. Petiole ⅓-½in. ; stipules ⅓-½in., ovate-lanceolate, convolute. Male sepals 4-6, linear, fleshy, hairy; stamens 1, filament short, united by its base to an abortive (insect attached) pistil. Gall flowers perianth of the male ; ovary globose, smooth ; style short, lateral. Female sepals 4, hyaline, linear, slightly hairy ; achene slightly papillose, obliquely ovoid. Style lateral, elongate. Receptacles minutely hairy, ¼-½in. diam., peduncle up to ⅓in. long, bracts at base of the peduncles. Fruit yellow when ripe. A variable species.

Uses : — The decoction of the root acts as a powerful aperient. The root-bark is stomachic and gently aperient. The leaves are used to polish ivory and given to cattle, being supposed to increase the flow of milk.

Syn. : — Ficus indica, Linn., Roxb. 639.

Sans. : — Vata.

Vern: — Bor, ber, bargad (H.) ; Bot (B. and Ass.) ; Boi (Kol.) ; Boru (Ur.) ; Bare (Santal) ; Ranket (Garo) ; Borhar (Nep.) ; Kangji (Lep.) ; Bor, bohr (Pb.) ; Baagat, bar (Pushtu) ; Phagwari (Hazara) ; Wur, bur (Sind) ; War, vada (Mar.) ; Ala (Tam.) ; Mari, peddi mari (Tel.) ; Ahlada, (Kan.), Peralu, peralin (Mal).

Habitat : — Planted in all the plains of India ; wild only in the Sub- Himalayan forests and on the lower slopes of the Deccan Hills.

A large or very large tree, branches spreading, sending down to the ground numerous aerial roots which afterwards become trunks. Bark ½in. thick, greyish-white, smooth, exfoliating in ​ small, irregular plates. Wood grey, moderately hard ; no heart-wood, having narrow, wavy, concentric bands of soft tissue and darker colour. Pores moderate-sized and large, sometimes very large, often sub-divided, scanty, scattered irregularly. Medullary rays fine, equi-distant, but not numerous. On a radial section the pores and soft bands are distinctly marked, giving the wood a characteristic grain, but larger pores being frequently oblique. (Gamble). Young shoots pubescent. Leaves glabrous when mature, approximate near the ends of branches, ovate, mostly obtuse ; base cordate or rounded ; basal nerves 3-5 ; the midrib with 4-6 pair of secondary nerves ; blade 4-8in. ; petiole 1-2 in. Fruit globose, pubescent, ½-⅓in. diam., sessile, scarlet when ripe, supported by 2-4 broad, obtuse bracts.

Uses : — The milky juice is externally applied for pains and bruises and in rheumatism and lumbago. It is considered as a valuable application to the soles of the feet when cracked or inflamed, and is also applied to the teeth and gums as a remedy for tooth-ache.

An infusion of the bark is supposed to be a powerful tonic and is considered to have specific properties in the treatment of diabetes. The seeds are deemed cooling and tonic. The leaves are applied, heated as a poultice, to abscesses, and after they have turned yellow are given with roasted rice in decoction as a diaphoretic. The root fibres are given in gonorrhœa in the Punjab, being considered by Vaids to resemble Sarsaparilla. An infusion of the small branches is useful in hæmoptysis. The tender ends of the hanging roots are given for obstinate vomiting.

(1) Composition of a dried specimen of Ficus bengalensis (from Perawa)—

Water	11.4
Albuminoids	7.1
Oil	4.0
Carbohydrates	35.2
Fibre	36.8
Ash	5.5
Total	100.00

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(2) A sample of the fresh fruit was gathered in Calcutta.

As the sample was very web, it was partially dried for analysis. It then contained :

Water	12.9
Albuminoids*	8.1
Oil	6.1
Carbohydrates †	35.5
Fibre	31.0
Ash ‡	6.4

The alcoholic extract contains a glucoside, a trace of acid, but no appreciable quantities of tannin or alkaloid. The colouring matter is precipitated from its deep purple alkaline solution as a reddish brown deposit which dries to an almost black powder.

Syn. : — F. comosa, Roxb. 644

Vern. :— Sunonijar (Santal); Juripakri Assam, Chittagong (Nepal); Kunhip (Lepcha); Pimpri (Bomb.); Jili (Chutia Nagpur); Pútra-janvi (Tel.)

Habitat : — Base of the Eastern Himalaya, Assam, and the Deccan Peninsula.

A very large, evergreen tree, with drooping branches. Wood soft, light-brown, in alternate layers of light-brown, soft tissue and darker (light on a vertical section) hard tissue, the breadth of the soft layers about half that of the hard ones. Pores moderate-sized to large, very scanty, evenly distributed. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, rather numerous, uniform. A fine, avenue tree, and excellent for shade. (Gamble.) The tree is 50-60ft. in height ; it has 12- 20ft., clear stem ; and 6-8ft. girth. ;(Kurz.)

An evergreen tree, with a dense, divaricate crown and pendulous branches, all parts glabrous ; stipules small, lanceolate, glabrous ; leaves ovate to elliptically ovate on a slender petiole, 5-8in. long, obtuse at the base, rather long and bluish,

• Containing nitrogen ... ... ... 1.31 per cent.

† Ditto colouring matter ... ... 7.7 per cent

‡ Ditto silica (Si O₂). ... ... 0.35 per cent

‡ Ditto phosphoric acid (P₂O₅ ) ... 0.53 per cent ​ acuminate, 2-3½in. long, rigidly chartaceous, entire, glabrous ; the nerves thin, much crowded and uniting near the margin, all parallel with a transverse net venation between, prominent on both sides ; receptacles sessile by pair or solitary in the axils of the leaves, globular or almost obovate and narrowed at the base, varying in size from ½ to ¾in. in diameter, blood-red when fully ripe, glabrous, 3-bracted, the lateral bracts broad, but short, rounded, glabrous. Male flower, very few scattered, pedicelled ; sepals 2, large, flat ; anther subsessile. Gall flower, mostly pedicelled ; sepals 3 or 4, long, spathulate, ovary ovoid, smooth. Female flower sessile ; Sepals shortly spathulate, achene ovoid-reniform, longer than the style, stigma large.

Uses : —A decoction of the leaves mixed with oil is believed in Malabar to be a good application to ulcers. (Drury.)

Syn. : — F. Benjamina, Willd., Roxb. 643.

Vern. : — Kamrup, Zir (H. B.) ; Butisa (Kol.) ; Sunumjon (Santal) ; Jili (Chutia Nagpur) ; Jamu (Nepal) ; Sitnyok (Lepcha); Nandruk (Mar.); Yerrajuvi, nandireka (Tel.); Pilála, pinval (Kan.)

Habitat: — Base of the Eastern Himalaya, Khasia Hills, Assam and the Deccan Peninsula.

A large, evergreen umbrageous, tree, often epiphytic, aerial roots slender, quite glabrous. " Bark brown, fairly smooth. Wood light, reddish-grey, moderately hard, with narrow, wavy bands of soft tissue, alternating with broader bands of firm texture. Pores moderate-sized, often sub-divided, scanty. Medullary rays short, moderately broad." (Gamble). Leaves elliptic, ovate or obovate, apex rounded, or shortly and bluntly acuminate ; blade 2-4 inches, narrowed into petiole, ¼-½in. Male flowers numerous, scattered, sessile, or short-pedicelled ; sepals 3, sub-spathulate; stamen single ; anther cordate, apiculate, as long as the filaments. Gall flowers sessile or pedicelled ; sepals 3, broadly spathulate; ovary smooth. Female flowers sessile, much smaller than in the gall ; styles of both short ; ​ stigma cylindric or clavate. Receptacles finely pubescent while young. Fruit sessile, yellow or reddish ; ⅓in. diam.; basal broadly ovate, obtuse, spreading.

Uses : — The bark of the root, the root itself, and the leaves boiled in oil form good applications for wounds and bruises. (Rheede.)

In rheumatic headache, the leaves and bark pounded are applied as a poultice. In flatulent colic, the following prescription is used in the Concan : — Take of Nândruk leaf juice, Tulsi leaf juice, and ghi equal parts; boil until all the water has evaporated ; do this again 21 times with fresh quantities of the juice of the two plants ; the residuum may then be applied to the belly, and fomentation with hot brick be practised. The juice of the bark has a reputation in liver disease ; dose 1 tola in milk. (Dymock.)

Vern. : — Kabar, gajna, pípul, gajiún, pipal, gagjaira, pakar, khabar (Hind.); Gaiaswát (Beng.) ; Suman-pípar (Kol.) ; Sunamjor (Santal) ; Pakri (Assam) ; Sat-bur (Cachar) ; Pakar (Nepal); Prab (Garo) ; Kabai pipal (Kumaon) ; Pulákh, rúmbal, badha, palák, pilkhan (Pb.) ; Parás, pípal (Raj.) ; Pair, páyar, asht (ashta), (Mar.) ; Kabai pipal, ganjar, suman, pipar (Lohar-dugga) ; Nyung byu (Burm.)

Habitat : —On the dry lower slopes of the mountains of the Punjab ; and the Northern, Western and Central India, Assam.

A large, deciduous tree, often epiphytic, all parts glabrous. " Bark smooth, grey, ½in. thick. Wood very soft, spongy, with alternating bands of loose and firm tissue of equal width. Pores oval, scanty, moderate-sized. Medullary rays fine, uniform, equidistant." (Gamble.) Leaves sub-coriaceous, upper surface minutely tuberculate when dry, shining, long-petiolate, broadly ovate, with acuminate apex ; edges entire, sub-undulate; base broad, but slightly narrowed towards the petiole ; basal nerves 5, rarely 7 (2 being minute) ; lateral primary nerves 3-6 pair, rather irregular, prominent only in the young state ; ​ length of blade 4-6in. of which the acuminate apex forms only about one ; petioles 2.5 to 3.5in. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, from ½ to lin. long ; receptacles sessile, in pair in axils of leaves or of leaf scars, globular, smooth when young, whitish with dark spots, when ripe nearly black ; 5in. across ; basal bracts 3, rotund, small. Male flowers few, and only near mouth of the receptacle, the perianth of 3 spathulate pieces, anther single, on a filament about as long as itself ; gall and female flowers with perianth of 3 lanceolate pieces ; the gall ovary, smooth and usually ovoid ; achene minutely tubercled, mucilaginous ; style in both elongate, stigma clavate. (King.)

Uses: — The Santals use the fruit as a drug. The juice is used in the Concan to kill worms and is given internally with -turmeric, pepper and ghi, in pills, the size of a pea, for the relief of asthma ; it causes vomiting. The juice is also burned in a closed vessel, with the flowers of mudar and 4 gunjas weight of the ashes mixed with honey, is given for the same purpose. (Dymock.)

Sans. : — Aswaththam.

Vern. :— Pipal (H.) ; Ashathwa, (B.) ; Hesar, pîpar (Kol.) ; Hesak (Santal) ; Jári (Uriya) ; Bor-bur (Kachar) ; Pipli (Nepal) ; Ali (Gond.) ; Pipri (Korku) ; Pîpal, bor (Pb.) ; Pimpala (Mar.) ; Pîpul (Guz.) ; Arasa ; Aswartham (Tam.) ; Rai, raiga, ragi, râvi or kulla rávi (Tel.) ; Rangi, basri, arali, arle, haspath, rági, asvalta (Kan. )

Habitat.: — Wild in the Sub-Himalayan forests, in Bengal and in Central India.

A large, glabrous, usually epiphytic tree. Bark grey, nearly ½in. thick, exfoliating in rounded, irregular flakes of varying size, often leaving rounded depressions. Wood greyish-white, moderately hard ; having narrow bands of soft tissue, which alternate with broader bands of firmer substance. Pores moderate-sized and large, often sub-divided, rather scanty. ​ Medullary rays uniform and equidistant, moderately broad. (Gamble). Leaves coriaceous, upper surface shining, lower minutely tuberculate when dry, long-petiolate, ovate-rotund, narrowed upwards and the apex produced into a linear lanceolate tail, edges entire, undulate ; base broad, rounded to truncate, sometimes a little narrowed at the union with the petiole occasionally emarginate or in young leaves, very cordate, from 5 to 7-nerved ; lateral primary nerves about 8 pairs, reticulations five, distinct ; length of blade from 4-5 to 7in. of which the apical tail forms about a third, breadth 3 to 4-5in. petioles from 3-4in.,long, slender. Stipules minute, ovate, acute ; receptacles in pair, axillary sessile, smooth, depressed, spheroidal, when ripe dark-purple, 5in. across, with 3 broad, spreading, coriaceous basal bracts. Male flowers very few and only near the mouth of some receptacle (absent in many), sessile ; the perianth of 3 broadly ovate pieces, anther single, ovate-rotund, its filament short. Gall and fertile flowers : — sessile or pedicillate; the perianth of 5 lanceolate pieces ; style short, lateral ; stigma rounded, the galls much more numerous than the fertile females, and many of them without perianth.

Uses : — The bark is astringent, used in gonorrhœa. It has also maturative properties. The fruit is laxative and helps digestion. The seeds are said to be cooling and alterative. The leaves and young shoots are used as a purgative, and an infusion of the bark is given internally in scabies. (Ainslie and Wight.) A paste of the powdered bark is used as an absorbent in inflammatory swellings. (Dr. Emerson.) According to Bartolomeo (Voyage to the East Indies) the dried fruit " pulverized and taken in water for a fortnight, removes asthma and produces fruitfulness in women." Water in which the freshly- burnt bark has been steeped is said to cure cases of obstinate hiccup. (Dr. Thornton.) In cracked foot the juice is employed. (Asst.-Surg. T. N. Ghose.) The powder of the dried bark is used in fistula in ano. I have seen a Hakim use it with benefit in the following way : he introduced a metallic tube, something like a blow pipe, into the fistula, and putting a small quantity of the powder into it, blew the same into the fistula. (Asst.-Surg. Nobin Ch. Dutt Watt's Dic.) ​ A dried specimen from Bundi was analysed and found to contain —

Caption text

Water	9.9
Albuminoids*	7.9
Oil	5.3
Carbohydrates †	54.9
Fibre	33.7
Ash ‡	8.3
Total	100.00

Sans. : — Plaksha ; Parkati.

Vern. : — Pilkhan, kahimal, ramanjir, pákar, kaol, kaim, Pipli, (H.) ; Pâkar (B.) ; Baswesa (Kol.) ; Prab (Garo) ; Safed-kabra (Nep.) ; Kangji (Lep.) ; Pepre (Kurku) ; Serelli (Gond.) ; War, batbar, janglipipli, palákh, pâkhar, pilkin, trimbal (Pb.) ; Killah (Konkan) ; Pepar, gándhaum bara, dhedhumbara, lendva (Mar.) ; Pepri (Guz.) ; Jooi, kall-alun, pepre, kurku (Tam.) ; Jewi, yuri, bassari (Tel.); Kari, bassari (Kan.).

Habitat : — Plains and lower hills of India, from the Salt Range to Sikkim ; Bengal ; Assam ; both Peninsulas.

A large, widely spreading, deciduous, fast-growing tree, usually epiphytic. Bark ½in. thick, greenish-grey, smooth, exfoliating irregularly in flakes and patches. Wood grey, moderately hard ; with narrow concentric bands of soft tissue alternating with broader bands of firm texture. Pores large, scanty, often sub-divided. Medullary rays uniform, moderately broad, equidistant. (Gamble.) Young shoots and stipules minutely hairy. Leaves thinly coriaceous, glabrous, shining, ovate or ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate, margin undulate, base acute, rounded or cordate, blade 3-6in., petiole l-3in.

* Containing nitrogen ... ... ... ... 1.27 per cent.

† Ditto colouring matter ... ... ... 7.5 per cent

‡ Ditto silica (Si O₂ ) ... ... ... ... 1.85 per cent

‡ Ditto phosphoric acid (P₂O₅ ) ... ... ... 0.69 per cent ​ long, secondary nerves 8-10 pair, the lowest pair from the base. Fruit sessile or shortly peduncled, ¼-⅛in. diam., basal bracts minute.

Uses :— The bark of this, along with the barks of other four species of Ficus and of Melia azadirachta, pass by the name of Panchavalkala (or the five barks) ; they are used in combination. A decoction is much employed as a gargle in salivation, as a wash for ulcers, and as an injection in leucorrhœa. (Watt.)

Sans. : — Trayamáná.

Vern. :— Gaori-shiora, balábahulá, balálálá ghoti-suara, bhui-dúmúr, ballam dúmúr (B.) ; Pakhur (H.) ; Datri (Mar) ; Buroni (Tel.) ; Valli-teragam (Mal.).

Habitat :~ Throughout the hotter parts of India, near water, from the Gangetic Plain eastwards and southwards to Perak and Ceylon.

A shrub sometimes creeping on the ground or over rocks, with short, pubescent stem and branches, the leaves very variable, scabrid. Leaves petiolate, memberanous ; general outline usually more or less ovate-elliptic, but varying from elongate- lanceolate to ovate or ovate-round, often irregularly 3 to many-lobed, with the apex more or Jess acuminate, the edges irregularly and coarsely dentate or dentate-repand ; the base blunt, rounded, or cordate, 3-to-5 nerved ; both surfaces scabrous, and covered with short, stiff hairs ; lateral nerves from 4-8 pair according to the length of the leaf (in the much-lobed leaves the nervation is palmate) ; length of blade 2 to 4in., petioles varying from 5 to 2-5in.; stipules 2 to each leaf scarious, ovate, glabrous or nearly so, 3 to 4in. long. Receptacles on peduncles of varying length, solitary, axillary, spherial to elongated-pyriform, always with a more or less prominent mammillate umbilicus which is but imperfectly closed by bracts, more or less hispid, scabrid, and sometimes verrucose when young ; when ripe nearly smooth, dark-orange, 4 to lin. long ; basal bracts minute, triangular, glabrous (in the much elongated forms appearing ​ to rise from below the base of the receptacle) ; peduncle proper from 4 to lin. long. Male flowers with 3 or 4 cleft gamophyllous perianth and a single stamen. Gall flowers with a perianth like the males ; the ovary ovoid, smooth, with a short, lateral style. Fertile female flowers with gamophyllous 4-cleft perianth, the achene sub-globular, minutely tuberculate, with a hyaline, viscid, external coat, style long, lateral stigma cylindric.

This is a polymorphic species, and often presents great variety in foliage even in the same plant. (King.)

Uses : — The juice of the root of this shrub is internally administered in colic pains, and the juice of the leaves mixed with milk in dysentery. The bark of the root, which is very bitter, pulverised and mixed with coriander seed, is considered a good remedy in coughs and asthma and similar affections of the chest. (Rheede.)

Vern. : — Kâl-ambar (Guj.) ; Kharwat (Mar.); Karakarbudâ (Tel.) ; Khargas (Kan.); Irumbaruthan (Tam,)

Habitat : — Central India and the Deccan Peninsula.

A shrub or tree, all young parts very scabrous. Leaves collected about extremities of branches, alternate, petiolate, oblong-lanceolate to ovate or obovate or elliptic ; the apex blunt or acuminate ; the edges subentire, serrate, dentate or crenate in the upper three-fourths, and entire towards the rounded or blunt ; 3-nerved, primary nerves 3-5 pair, very prominent and hispid on lower surface, as are the reticulations ; the rest of the lower surface scabrid-hispid ; upper surface pretty uniformly and strongly scabrous, shortly hispid. Blade 1½-5in. long, petiole ½-lin. long, stout, stipules minute. Receptacles pedunculate, often reflexed, scabrous-hispid, globular, slightly depressed at apex, with rather prominent umbilicus. Umbilical scales erect. Male flowers numerous in part of receptacles ; perianth of 4-5 linear-lanceolate, scabrid pieces. Stamen 1. Ovary of gall-flowers ovate, lanceolate, with thick terminal style and dilated stigma ; the perianth like that of male flowers. Fertile female flowers : — with perianth of 6-7 linear-lanceolate, smooth pieces. ​ Achene elongated, obovoid, minutely tubercular. Style lateral, filiform, stigma obovate.

Uses: — The juice and bark are in Bombay well-known remedies for glandular enlargements of the abdomen, such as liver and spleen. (Dymock.)

Syn. : — F. oppositifolia, Willd., Roxb., 647.

Sans. : — Kák dumbar.

Vern. : — Kagsha, gobla, totmila, kat-gularia, konea-dumbar Katumbri Rambal, dambar, Bhudoi (Hind.) ; Dumar, kak-dumar (Beng.) ; Kotang, sosokera (Kol.) ; Sita pordóh (Santal) ; Khoskadumar (Ass.); Shakab (Garo) ; Koreh (Kurku) ; Kharwa (Nep.) ; Taksot (Lepcha) ; Poksha (Michi) ; Maiu-lok (Magh) ; Katumer, bomair (Gond) ; Dadúri, degar, rúmbal(Pb.); Dhe daumaro, jangali anjir (Guz.) ; Dhedumera Kharawat (Mar.) ; Pe-attis (Tam.) ; Bodamamadi, brahma-médi, bummarri, korasana (Tel.); Adavi-atti (Kan.); Pe-yatti paraka (Mal.).

Habitat : — Throughout India, from the Punjab in the N. W. to Malacca and Ceylon.

A moderate-sized tree. Bark 1/5in. thick, grey, peeling off in irregular flakes, with slight,horizontal ribs encircling the tree. Wood soft, dirty-grey, in regular concentric bands of soft tissue which alternate with firmer bands of equal width and darker colour. Pores scanty, moderate-sized, often oval and sub-divided. Medullary rays moderately broad and fine, prominent as long, narrow bands on as radical section. (Gamble.)

The tree is quick of growth, recognized easily by its opposite leaves. All parts more or less hispid pubescent, the branches and, in Malayan specimens, the upper surfaces or the leaves sometimes glabrescent when old. Leaves opposite, usually, says King ; petiole membranous, ovate, ovate-oblong or elliptic to sub-ovate-elliptic, apiculate or abruptly acuminate, edges dentate or entire in old leaves, base rounded, emarginate, slightly ​ cordate or narrowed and subcunate ; 3-5-nerved ; primary lateral nerves 3-5 pairs ; secondary nerves rather straight ; reticulations fine ; the lower surface hispid-pubescent, the upper hispid-scabrid ; length 4-9in. (in young shoots as much as 12in.) ; petioles from ½-1½in. long (in young shoots often 3-3½in.), densely hispid-pubescent ; stipules 2 to each leaf, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent externally, glabrous internally ; about ½in. long, often in shoots of four on the receptacles bearing leafless branches. Receptacles shortly pedunculate, turbinate, ovoid, or sub-pyriform, slightly umbonate, hispid and sometimes with bracts scattered along their sides ; yellowish when ripe and from ½-lin. across ; umbilicus rather large ; basal bracts 3, borne on peduncles, 1/5-3/5in. long, in pair from the axils of the leaves, or in fascicles from shortened tuberculate branches from the old wood, or in pair or fascicles on elongate, stipular, bracteate, sometimes leafy, branches issuing from the larger branches of the stem, and often reaching to or even penetrating the soil. Male flowers rather numerous near the apex of the receptacles containing the galls ; the perianth of 3 concave hyaline pieces ; stamen 1 ; the anther broad, filament short; gall flowers pedicillate with no obvious perianth ; the ovary smooth, globular ; style short, sub-terminal ; stigma dilated. Fertile female flowers like the galls as regards perianth ; the achene ovoid ; the stye long, lateral hairy ; the stigma cylindric tubular.

Uses : — According to Sanskrit writers the figs of this plant promote the secretion of milk. They are also supposed to preserve the fœtus in the womb. (U. C. Dutt.) The acrid milk is used medicinally in Kangra. In Bombay and the Concan, the powdered fruit heated with water to form a poultice is applied to buboes. It is also given to milch cattle to dry up their milk. (Dymock.)

According to the report of Mr. Moodeen Sheriff, the fruit, seeds and bark are possessed of valuable emetic properties. The most eligible form of administration appears to be the seeds of the ripe fruit, dried and preserved from moisture in stoppered bottles. The close is about one drachm, which in effect is equal to four or six of the ripe fruit. The emetic ​ action of the bark is generally attended with more or less purging. The dose is placed at from forty to sixty grains. The bark, in doses of from fifteen to thirty grains, three or four times daily, is stated to act effectually as an antiperiodic, and in half those quantities as a good tonic. (Ph. Ind.).

Vern. : — Khewnau, Kunia, khurhur, kassa, ghui (H.); Dumbur, jagya-dumur (B.) ; Riu, aiu (Kol.) ; Porok podha Horpodo (Santal); Kanhya (Nepal); Sangji (Lepcha) ; Kanai, palkai taikran (Michi) ; Kathgular, trumbal, karndol, kuri (Pb.) ; Porodumer, Kharwar. (Mar.)

Habitat : —Sub-Himalayan forests, from the Chenab to Bhotan ; Central India, Assam, the Khasia Mts, and Chittagong.

A small or moderate-sized tree, usually evergeen branchlets, young shoots and midrib pubescent. " Bark thick, reddish-brown, rough ; wood rough, moderately hard, greyish-brown with narrow, concentric bands which alternate with broader bands of firmer texture. Pores scanty, moderate-sized. Medullary rays fine, equidistant." (Gamble). Leaves alternate, entire or serrate, rough above, more or less pubescent beneath, semicordate, the lower half of the base large rounded, shape and size very variable ; blade 8-16 ; petiole 1/5-⅔in. ; stipules ¾-lin. long, base broad, scar, annular. Receptacle ½in. diam., in pair or clusters on long, leafless, scaly branches, from the trunk near the base of the ripening underground. Male sepals 3. Gall and female sepals abut 4, lanceolate, gamophyllous. Ovary of galls, globose, smooth ; style very short, lateral. Achenes broadly ovate, emarginate on one side, tubercled, viscid ; style very long, lateral ; stigma large, bifid. Recognized at once by the long leaves with unequal semi-sagittate base.

Uses : — The fruit is given in aphthous complaints. A bath made from the fruit and bark is a cure for leprosy. (Rheede.) The juice from the roots is given in bladder complaints and, boiled in milk, in visceral obstructions, (Revd. A. Campbell.) ​ A dried specimen submitted by the Deputy Conservator of Forests, Angu Division, shewed the following composition : —

Water	13.5
Albuminoids*	8.7
Oil	5.7
carbohydrates †	43.1
Fibre	1.77
Ash ‡	11.3
Total	100.0

(Agricul. Ledger 1904— No. 4).

Syn. : — F. policarpa, Roxb. 645.

Vern. :— Chhótá-junglí-anjír (H.) ; Chiria-pé-atti (Tam.); Chinna-verri-atti-pandu (Tel.) ; Cheriya-kât-tatti (Mal.)

Habitat : — Tenasserim to Penang and Singapore.

A small tree, the young branches sparsely strigose, slightly swollen at the insertion of the leaves. Leaves alternate, petiolate, membranous, lanceolate or oblanceolate ; the edges entire ; lateral primary nerves 7 to 9 pairs, not prominent, both sides glabrous, except the lower which, on the midrib, and larger nerves, is appressed, pubescent ; length of blade 2-5 to 4 5in., petioles strigose, ½in. long ; stipule linear-lanceolate, convolute, ¾in. long. Receptacles rising from elongated, ramous, leafless, (sometimes stipulate towards the apex), glabrous branches which issue from the stem near the ground, pedunculate, sub-globose, strongly ribbed when young, verrucose, pubescent, about ⅛in. across when ripe ; umbilicus closed by 5 broad scales ; the base constricted into a stalk about 1/10in. long, at the junction of which with the peduncle are 3 small bracts ; peduncle proper 1/5in. long. Male flowers numerous, the perianth of 2 large, inflated, roundish pieces, anther single, almost sessile, very broad. Gall flowers mostly sessile, without perianth, the ovary broad, obliquely obovoid, sub-rhomboid, with terminal thick style. Fertile female flowers on separate receptacles, mostly pedicillate ; the

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• Containing nitrogen ... ... ... ... 1.40 per cent,

† Ditto colouring matter ... ... ... 9.0 per cent

‡ Ditto silica (Si O₂ ) ... ... ... 1.65 per cent

‡ Ditto phosphoric acid (P₂O₅ ) ... ... 1.12 per cent ​ perianth tubular, short, covering only the pedicel of the rhomboid minutely tuberculate achene. Style much longer than the achene ; stigma cylindric or clavate.

Uses: — It possesses, according to the experience of Mr. Moodeen Sheriff, all the medicinal properties of the preceding F. hispida. It is desirable to know more of the properties of these trees. (Ph. Ind.)

Syn. : — F. carica, Linn. Roxb. 636.

Vern. : — Gúlar, khabára, anjiri, beru, bedu (H.) ; Phagwara, kák, kok, phedú, inzar, phag, kirmi, phagoru, fágu, phog, khabáre, phegra, thapur, jamir, dhúrú, dhudi, daholia (Pb.) ; Phagwara (Pushtu); Anjir, inzar (Afg.) ; Kembri (Raj.); Dhoura (C. P.) ; Pepri (Guz.) ; Fagwara, Thapur (Plains of Upper India).

Habitat:— N.-W. India, from the Indus eastwards to Oudh, ascending to 3,000ft. in the Himalaya, Mt. Aboo.

A bush or moderate-sized tree. Shoots tomentose, pubescent or glabrous. Bark grey, smooth. Wood white, close and even-grained, moderately hard, with wavy crescentic bands of soft tissue, alternating with bands of equal width of firmer tissue. Pores very small and moderate-sized, often oval and sub-divided. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad ; unequally distributed. (Gamble.) Branches solid, with a large pith ; branchlets, petioles and underside of leaf soft-tomentose. Leaves rough above, broad-ovate, dentate, at times deeply lobed ; base truncate or cordate, sometimes abruptly narrowed to the petiole ; blade 3-5, petiole l-2in. long ; 3-5 basal nerves ; secondary nerves on midrib 3-6 pairs. Stipules in pairs, ovate, acute, pubescent, deciduous. Receptacles axillary, more or less pear-shaped, umbonate, i-lin. diam. ; usually pubescent, yellow when ripe, edible ; basal bracts deciduous 3, acute, at the base of the stalk which often lengthen out to ½in. as the fruit ripens, peduncle ½-lin. Perianth ciliate with long hairs. Male flowers on hairy pedicels, sepals 4-5, lanceolate, hairy. Gall flowers, sessile or pedicelled ; perianth deeply 5-cleft ; ovary ​ ovoid, smooth ; style very short, lateral stigma dilated. Female flowers, perianth of gall flowers ; ache tie trigonous, granular ; style sub-terminal, long, hairy ; stigma bifid. The Indian representative of F. carica, Linn. (J. D. Hooker.)

Uses : — The fruits contain chiefly sugar and mucilage, and accordingly act as a demulcent and laxative. They are principally used as diet in cases of constipation and in diseases of the lungs and bladder. They are also used as poultices. (Punjab Products.)

Syn. : — F. racemosa, Wall.

Vern. : — Gúlar paroa, lelka, umar, umrái, tue, dimeri (H.) ; Yajna dumbar (B.) ; Loá (Kol.) ; Dumer (Chutia Nagpur) ; Dimeri (Uriya) ; Dumri (Nepal) ; Tchongtay (Lepcha) ; Thoja (Gond.) ; Alawa (Kurku) ; Kathgúlar, krumbal, rumbal, batbar, palák, kakammal, dadhuri (Pb.) ; Ormul (Pushtu) ; Umbar gúlar (C. P.) ; Umbar (Bomb.) ; Umbara, atti, rumadi (Mar.) ; Umbar (Guz.) ; Atti (Tam.) ; Moydi, atti, badda, paidi, mari, medi (Tel.) ; Kulla-kith, atti (the gum is called Chandarasa) (Kan.)

Habitat :— Outer Himalaya and plains and low hills of India, from Rajputana and Salt Range to the Khasia Mts , Burma and the Deccan Peninsula.

A large, erect, deciduous tree up to 60 ft. high. Bark ⅓in. thick, smooth, reddish-brown, with a few large cracks. Wood grey or greyish-brown, soft with broad, light-coloured bands of loose tissue, alternating with narrower, interrupted, darker bands of firmer texture. Pores large and very large, sub-divided. Medullary rays moderately broad and fine, bent where they touch the pores. (Gamble.) Shoots glabrous or pubescent, Leaves 4-7in., tapering to the point, entire, base obtuse, rarely acute, 3-nervecl ; petiole l-2in. ; stipules ½-lin., ovate, lanceolate, pubescent, Receptacles 1¼in. diam., reddish ; umbilicus depressed ; base of young much contracted ; basal bracts 3. Male flowers near the mouth of the receptacle, sessile ; sepals 3-4, ​ membranous inflated, gall and female flower intermixed ; perianth toothed ; gall ovary, ovoid, rough. Achene granulate ; stigma clavate. (J. D. Hooker.)

Uses : — The leaves, bark and fruit are employed in native medicine. The bark is given as an astringent and as a wash for wounds. It is also employed to remove the poison from wounds made by a tiger or cat. The root is useful in dysentery, and a fluid obtained from it by incision is administered as a powerful tonic. The leaves reduced to powder and mixed with honey are given in bilious affections. The small blister-like galls common on the leaves, soaked in milk and mixed with honey are given to prevent pitting in small-pox. (Atkinson.) The figs are considered astringent, stomachic and carminative, and are given in menorrhagia and hæmoptysis. The milky juice is administered in piles and diarrhœa, and in combination with sesamum oil in cancer. The fresh juice of the ripe fruit is used as an adjunct to a metallic preparation which is given in diabetes and other urinary diseases. In Bombay, the sap is a popular remedy, which is locally applied to mumps and other inflammatory glandular enlargements, and is given in doses of four tolas with cumin and sugar for gonorrhœa. (Dymock.) The bark is given to cattle when suffering from rinder-pest. It is ground with onions, cumin, and cocoanut spathes and mixed with vinegar. (Coimbatore Dist. Man.) The sap of the root is used in diabetes. (T. R. Moodeliar.) An infusion of the bark is much employed by the Tamil-speaking people for menorrhagia. (Dr. Thomas in Watt's Die.)

chem. on analysis it was found to contain :

Water	13.6
Albuminoids*	7.4
Oil	5.6
Carbohydrates†	49.0
Fibre	17.9
Ash‡	6.5

The alcoholic extract contains a strace of soluble tannin which gives a light-green precipitate with ferric chloride.— (Agricul. Ledger, 1904— No. 4.)

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• Containing nitrogen ... ... ... ... 1.19 per cent.

† Ditto colouring matter .. ... ... 8.5 per cent

‡ Ditto silica ... ... ... ... 0.25 per cent

‡ Ditto phosphoric acid ... ... ... 0.91 per cent ​

Vern :— Chándla, chándkuda, charvár mádá, karvat or kharvat (Bomb, and Mar.) ; Karwat (Konkan) ; Alli, netávil, nettá-vil maram (Tam.) ; Jazngri, Agganpatte, Jaguri (Kan.) ; Araya- angely , nettá-vil. (Mal.)

English : —The Upas tree.

Habitat :— The Deccan Peninsula, on the ghats, from the Concan southwards. According to Beddome, it is the largest tree of the Western forests attaining a height of 250ft.

A gigantic, ever-green tree, attaining 250ft. Trunk often buttressed. Bark thick, grey. Wood white, soft, even-grained ; young shoots, petioles and midrib velvety. Leaves glabrous or hairy beneath, 4-8in. glossy, elliptic, acuminate, entire or serrulate ; base rounded or cordate, young lanceolate, serrulate. Petiole ¼in. Flowers menæcious. Males crowded on the surface of the pedunculate and usually fascicled receptacles, which are supported by imbricating bracts ; sepals 3-4 ; stamens 3-8. Females solitary, enclosed in a pear-shaped involucre of numerous confluent bracts ; perianth O; ovary aduate to the involucre, Fruit like a small fig, purple scarlet or crimson ; pyriform velvety, fleshy, ¾in. diam., " Male-receptacles 3-4, together, orbicular ; and pedunales velvety, ½in. diam." (J. D. Hooker.)

Uses : — The juice of the tree is the source of the fabulous Upas poison. The poison at first acts as a purgative and emetic, then as a narcotic causing death by violent fits of tetanic convulsions.

In the Concan and in Canara, the bitter seeds are used as a febrifuge, and in dysentery, one-third to one-half of a seed being given three times a day.

Antiarin, the most important constituent of the milky juice of Antiaris toxicaria, has the formula, C₂₇H₄₂O₁₀+4 H₂O, and antiarose, C₆H₁₂O₅ , a sugar metameric with rhamnose.

Vern, :— Ranphanas, Pat-phanas (Mar.). Ayni, Anjalli (Tam.). ​ Habitat: --Evergreen forests of the Western ghâts, from the Concan southwards,

A tall ever-green tree, attaining 200ft. Wood moderately hard ; sapwood white ; heart wood yellowish-brown, durable, seasons well. Pores large, sometimes subdivided, often filled with a white substance. Medullary rays fine to moderately broad, wavy very distinct, but distant, bent where try meet the pores (Gamble.) Young shoots, petioles, peduncles, stipules, midribs, and main nerves appressedly hispid with long tawny hairs. Leaves 6-9 by 4~6in., broadly ovate or elliptic (rarely obovate), subacute, coriaceous, entire, smooth, and when adult glabrous except on the midrib and nerves beneath, slightly narrowed to the base ; main nerves about 10 pairs, prominent beneath ; petioles stout, ½-7/8in. long ; stipules nearly lin. long, lanceolate. Flowers on axillary pedunculate receptacles ; the male receptacles narrowly cylindric, at first erect or ascending, afterwards pendulous, 4-6in. long and about ¼in. in diam. ; the female receptacles erect, 4½ by 3½in. Male flowers : Sepals 2, united below. Stamen 1 ; anther exserted, ovate. Receptacle scales (bracteoles) chaffy, not peltate. FEMALE FLOWERS : Perianth tubular, confluent below with the receptacle. Fruit size of a lemon, echinate, the spines (free apices of anthocarps) about ¼in. long, cylindric, straight, hispid, perforate at the apex for the filiform style, edible Seeds ½-¾in. long, ovoid. (Cooke.)

Uses : — The dry leaves and juice together with Zodory and Camphor are applied to buboes and swelled testicles. (Rheede.)

The dried juice breaks with a resinens fracture, is only partly soluble in alcohol, wholly soluble in benzol and petroleum ether, (Pharmacogr. Ind. III. 355.)

Sans. : — Panasa.

Vern. : — Kánthál (B. and Ass.) ; Kathal, chakki, panasa, panas (H) ; Kanthar (Santal) ; Poros (Kol.) ; Panasa (Uriya) ; Phanas (Mar. and Bomb.) ; Pilá, pilápazham (Tam.) ; Panasapandu, pansa, véru-panasa (Tel.) ; Halsu, heb-helsu, halsina (Kan.) ; Teprong (Garo).

Eng. :— The Jack-fruit tree. ​ Habitat :— Deccan Peninsula, native of the forests of the Western ghats ; cultivated throughout the hotter parts of India.

A large, ever-green, glabrous tree, attaining 60ft. Wood moderately hard ; sapwood pale, heart-wood bright-yellow, darkening on exposure ; very durable, seasons well. Bark thick, blackish, deeply cleft when old, yielding a gum. The juice is used as bird lime. Youngest shoots and midrib with soft, stiff hairs (Brandis.) Leaves 4-8 in., thickly coriaceous, dark-green, elliptic-oblong or ovate, acuminate, entire or 3-lobed ; base acute, rather rough beneath ; leaves of young plants often lobed ; nerves 7-8 pair. Petiole ½-lin., rather slender ; stipules large spathaceous, lanceolate, glabrous. Flower-heads embraced by spathaceous deciduous stipular sheaths, axillary and terminal, often 2-nate. Peduncles fin., at first slender. Male cylindric, 2-6in., by l-2in., diam ; bractioles O sepals 2, oblong or spathulate ; tips pubescent. Fruit 12-30 by 6-12in., in young trees on large branches in old trees hanging on short stalks from the main stem or branches through conical protruberance of the rind, oblong or cylindric, tubercled, i.e., with flattish, rarely acute, tips of the pyramidal antho-carps. Seeds oily, numerous, an inch long, oblong. Testa thin, coriaceous, surrounded by a luxious pulp, which latter forms the staple food of the natives. Pulp is eaten cooked or uncooked when ripe, and preserved dry in flat pan-cakes. Seeds eaten boiled or roasted.

Uses : — The juice of the plant is applied externally to glandular swellings and abscesses to promote suppuration. The tublers, if worn on the waist, are said to cure hydrocele. The young leaves are used in skin diseases, and the root is used internally in diarrhœa.

The leaves considered an antidote to snake-poison. (T. N. Mukerji.) The unripe fruit is astringent, the ripe laxative, but rather difficult to digest, although very nutritious.

The dye stuff jackwood contains, in addition to morin, cyanomaclurin C₁₅H₁₂O₆ or C₁₈H₁₆O₇ . It possesses the characteristic property that its alkaline solution on warming develops a deep indigo blue colouration. It was noticed that in certain important respects its properties were similar to those of catechin ; the colourless crystalline constituent of gambier catechu, ​ whose composition is C₁₅H₁₄O₆. The analytical results given by these substances were nearly identical.— J. Ch. S. 1905 T. p. 717.

Sans. : — Lakucha.

Vern. : — Tiun, tinu dheu, daheo, (Pb.) ; Dahu dhan, barhal, lakûch, dhâvâ (H); Láhu (Bomb, and Duk.); Votamba (M.); Vonte (Kan.); Dháo (Kumaon); Dephal, dahu, dehua, lakúcha, mádár (B.); Dahu (Santal ; Kol.); Dewa, chama, chamba (Ass.); Dawa (Cachar) ; Barrár (Nepal) ; Kamma régu ; Lakuchamu nakka-rénu (Tel.).

Habitat : —Tropical Himalaya, from Kumaon eastwards to Burma, and southwards to Travancore.

A large, deciduous tree. Bark dark coloured rough. Wood hard, sapwood large, white and soft ; heartwood yellow, hard, shining, mottled. Branchlets densely grey or rustytomentose. Leaves ovate or obovate, 3½-12in. by 2-6in., shortly finely acuminate or cuspidate at apex, truncate or sub-cordate at base ; margins entire, sometimes serrate or subundulate in young leaves, coriaceous, glabrous, shining above, densely grey-downy beneath ; lateral nerves 8-12 pair, prominent and with a fine, distinct reticulation between beneath. Petioles ½-lin. long. Stipules small, pubescent, caducous. Flowers in shortly pedunculate or sub-sessile, axillary, globose heads, ½-1 in. diam.; bractioles peltate. Male flowers :— sepals on sub-sessile receptacles, 3-4, triangular, truncate, pubescent, 2-3, says Trimen. Stamen 1 ; filaments broad at base, tapering upward. Anther exserted, broad, 2-celled. Female flowers on shortly peduncled receptacles. Anthocarps flat, smooth, at apices, completely united. Fruit oblong, irregularly globose, 2-3in. diam., minutely velvety, yellow when ripe, edible. Seeds oblong, lin. thick, flat.

Use : — In Bengal, one or two seeds or a small quantity of the milk is popular as a purge. (DymocD Fruit eaten raw or dried and pickled. (Talbot.) In the Ratnagiri District and Bombay, it is curried, as well as pickled. (K. R. Kirtikar.) ​

Vern. : — Chorpatta ; Surat (B.) ; Utigun ka bij (Behar); Moringi (Nepal) ; Sir-nat (Assam) ; Mealum-ma, sunkrong (Lepcha).

Habitat : — Tropical Himalaya, from Sikkim eastwards, Assam, the Khasia Mts., and southwards to Perak ; the Concan.

A large, evergreen shrub, 8-10ft., or a small tree. Wood very soft, separating when dry into concentric, long, fibrous layers. Cystolith cellls conspicuous in the epidermis. Branchlets, petioles and inflorescence armed with stinging hairs of two kinds, minute and long. Branches stout, terete, green. Leaves 9-10in. long, largest, 16 by 12in., ovate or elliptic, crenulate in the upper part or nearly entire ; petiole l-4in. long, with a few long hairs, otherwise glabrous, round, raised, cystolith cells prominent on both surfaces. Stipules ovate, lanceolate. Flowers minute, green, diœcious, in axillary, panicled cymes, longer than petiole, dichotomously branched. Flower clusters remote, often unilateral. Male perianth deeply 4-partite. Female sub-campanulate ; lobes acute. Achenes oblique, 1/6in. diam., seated on the cup-shaped perianth, and crowned by the style. This is the worst of the stinging nettles of India, 'says Gamble. The effects last for many days, says Brandis.

Use : — In Patna, the seeds in doses of ½ dram to ½ Jounce, are used in the same way as coriander. (Irvine.)

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​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​PLATE No. 893.

​PLATE No. 894.

​PLATE No. 895.

​PLATE No. 896.

​PLATE No. 897. ​PLATE No. 898.

​PLATE No. 899.

FICUS ASPERR1MA, ROXfl

​PLATE No. 900.

FIOUS HISPIDA, LINN.

​PLATE No. 900A.