Creation by Evolution/Index

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INDEX

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Abreu, Madame, observations of behaviour of apes by 303, 308–309
Abyssinia, butterflies from 184
Adaptive radiation, definitions of 157, 330
Africa, ant from, figure showing 221
butterflies of 184
elephants of 238
Africa, South, Permian climate of 285
Agassiz, Louis, cited 69, 102, 103
Alaska, former connection of, with Siberia 86, 91–92, 227–229, 230
remains of horses found in 230
Alga, figures showing 146
Allantois, advantages of evolution of 331
Allen, Joel A., cited 7
Amauris niavius, figure showing 184
Amazon region, butterflies of 180
Amnion, advantages of evolution of 331
Amoeba, nature of 145
studies of evolutionary changes in 26–33
views of 27
Amphibia, features and habits of 259, 279–280
origin of 278–281
Amphioxus, reference to 274, 332
Ancestral features of embryo, discrimination of 70–71
Anchitherium, geological age of 226
Andrews, Roy C, cited 287
Animals, development of structure of 124–127
domestic breeding of, significance of 112
earliest known 257
evolutionary increase in size and efficiency of 328–332
expressions of emotions of 295
geographic distribution of 81–101
Ant, figure showing Tertiary form of 215
vestigial wings of 35, 36
Ants, colony of, figure showing 218
distribution of 217–218
diversity in form and habits of 218–219
evolution of, chapter on 210–224
feeding habits of 219
figures showing 215, 217–222
fossil, study of 214–216
fungus chamber of, figure showing 219
habits of 217–218 ​
Ants, modification of forms of 222–223
sexual trimorphism of 216
social organization of 218–219
social parasitism of 220–221
subfamilies of 216–217
structure and behaviour of, modification of, by evolution 222
Ape-fissure, reference to 322
Ape-man of Trinil, features of 134, 266
Apes, dentition of 44
figures showing 297, 300, 302, 304
genealogical relations of, to man 21–22
human side of 293–310
skulls of, features of 133
Apteryx, flightless bird of New Zealand, reference to 99
vestigial wings of 38
Arachnida, general features of 51
Archaeopteryx, form and features of 251–253
reference to 18, 368
restoration of 251
Archaeornis, reference to 263
Archaeozoic era, length of 161
Argentina, fossils of 87
Aristotle, reference to 140
Arthropoda, general features and subdivisions of 50–51
Asia, former connection of, with North America 86, 91–92, 227–229, 230
Asiatic islands, geology and zoology of 93–94
Atomic evolution, phases of 358–361
Australia, ant from, figure showing 217
zoological isolation of 85–86
Backboned animals, early forms of 127–128
Bacon, Francis, cited 113
Barrell, Joseph, cited 288
Basement complex of American rocks, reference to 271
Bates, Henry Walter, cited 174, 180
Batesian mimicry, reference to 181
Bather, Francis Arthur, chapter by 102–111
Bee, bumble, features and habits of 200–205, 208
carpenter, form, nests, and habits of 198–199
honey, features and habits of 187–194
in flight, figure showing 192
larva of, figure showing 192
lessons and laws derived from a study of 193
larva of 191
queen, life and labor of 189–191
worker, life and labor of 191–193
leaf-cutting, features and habits of 196–197
mason, form and habits of 197–198
mosquito, form and habits of 199–200
solitary, features, nests, and habits of 195–196
stingless, form and habits of 199
swarm of, figure showing 188 ​
Beehive, complexity of 187–188
evolution of 186–209
Beeswax, production and manipulation of 188
Belt series, fossils found in 271
Bergson, Henri, cited v
Bermuda, forms of life on 97–98
Bernard, Claude, cited 145
Berry, Edward Wilber, chapter by 156–173
figure cited from work by 165
Bible, quotation from 324
Bichir, reference to 278
Biogenesis, modes of 50, 52, 142–143
Biogenetics, general law in 50, 52
Bird, changes in senses of 249
evolution of 243–254, 367–369
flight of, regulation of 248–249
heart and circulation of 245
ovary of, vestigial 37
reptilian ancestor of 243–254, 259–261
reptilian features of 250
vestigial wings of species of 37–38
view showing 253
Birds with teeth, examples of 261
Blood tests of evolution, methods and results of 365–367
Bolton, H., cited 121
Bonnet monkey, experiments made with 298–300
Bonnet, Charles, cited 63
Borneo and other islands, former connection of, with Asia 86
Boyesen, H. H., cited 12
Brachyura, general features of 51
Brain, evolution of, chapter on 311–326
functions of different parts of 323
Brazil, ant from, figure showing 217
butterflies of 180, 181
Breeder of animals, significance of work done by 112
British Columbia, fossils from 257–258
Brocket of Chili, reference to 90–91
Brooklyn Botanic Garden, “family tree” shown at 137–139
Broom, cited 284
Brues, C. T., figures made from photographs taken by 215, 217
Bull-dog ants, figure showing 217
Bumble-bee, cells in hive of 206, 207
features and habits of 200–205, 208
nest of, figures showing 202, 203
Burchell, William John, reference to work done by 181
Butterflies, changes of colour in 179–180
figures of 183, 184
metamorphosis of 183
Butterflies and moths, evolution shown by 174–185
Cambrian period, events of 161
forms of life of 127 ​
Cambrian period, fossils of 258
source of name of 159
Camel family, geologic history of 83
Camptonotis, view showing 218
nests of 222
Cape Verde Islands, source of animals and plants of 97
Carboniferous period, events of 161
ganoids of 130
plant of, restoration of 166
source of name of 160
Carder bee, habits of 198
Carnivora, results of blood tests of 367
Carpenter bee, form, habits, and nests of 198–199
Casteel, figures cited from 189, 192
Cat, features of eye of 42
Catfish (Clarias), evolution of 52–53
Cave animals, vestigial eyes of 37
Cell division, modes of reproduction by 146
Cell fusion, modes of reproduction by 146
Cenozoic era, forms of life of 160, 161
length of 161
plants of 161, 170
Centetes, reference to 287
Central America, butterflies of 180
mammals of 87–91
Tertiary uplift of 90, 91
Cephalaspis, reference to 273, 274
Chalk of England, fishes of 132
fossils from, studies of 120–121
sea urchins from, changes in species of 109–110
studies of sea urchins of 117–119
vertebrates of 128
Changes in form of animals, tendency of 131
Chemical origin of forms of life, theory of 142
Cheshire, figure cited from 190
Chimpanzee, experiments with 300–302
human characters of 294
observations of behaviour of 300–301, 302, 303–306, 309
view showing building operations of 300
Chlorophyll, development of, consequences of 158
reference to 146
Chordates, earliest forms of 273–275
Cinnamon fern, figure showing 146
Circulus, term suggested for groups of animals 119, 120, 122
Clarias, evolution of 52–53
Club moss, figure showing 146
reference to 160, 165
Cœnogenetic features of embryo, discrimination of 70–71
Colaptes, evidence of evolution afforded by 7–8
Comb of honey-bee’s hive, figures showing 189, 190
Comoro Islands, butterflies of 184
Conklin, Edwin Grant, chapter by 62–80 ​
Conklin, Edwin Grant, cited 9
Connecting and missing links in the ascent to man, chapter on 255–269
Continuity of life, geologic record of 268
Corals of Cutch, India, variations noted in 119–120, 122
Corbin, W. E., figures made from photographs taken by 226
Cordaites, figure showing restoration of 166
reference to 164
Cormorant, flightless, of Galapagos Islands 99
Crab, hermit, genesis of 51–52
Cretaceous period, events of 161
fishes of 131–132
plants of 167–169
source of name 160
vertebrates of 128
Crossopts, reference to 277–278
Crow, cited 308
Crustacea, general features of 51
Cutch, India, studies of corals of 119–120
Cuttlefishes, evidence of evolution afforded by 15
Cuvier, Georges, cited 114
Cycadofilex, figure showing 148
Cycadofilices, reference to 146
Cycads, age of, reference to 165
figures showing 146, 147, 167, 168
line of descent of 147
Cycas revoluta, figures showing 146, 147
Cynodonts, features of 283, 284
reference to 262–263
Darwin, Charles Robert, cited 16, 19-20, 69, 77, 81, 114, 115, 152, 153, 155, 291, 294, 322–323, 338, 363, 364
reference to work done by vi, 153
Dawn-man, features of 134
Deer, evolutionary changes in 132
Development, causes of 75–77
course of 65–68
nature of 62–64
relations of, to religion 77
Devonian period, events of 161
fishes of 129–130, 275–278, 280
plants of 160–165
Dicotyledons, line of descent of 147
Difflugia corona, studies of evolution of 26–31
views of 27, 30, 30
Dinichthys, features of 130
Dinoponera grandis, figure of 217
Dipnoans, evolution of 277
Dodo, loss of power of flight by 99
Domestic animals, significance of breeding of 112
Dromotherium, reference to 285
Drone bee, figure of 187
Drosophila, mutations of 19, 32 ​
Dryden, John, citation made from translation of Vergil by 193
Dryopithecus, features of 133, 288
Dubois, discovery of Pithecanthropus by 266
Duck-bill, early teeth of 176–177
features of 176
references to 262, 286
Dufour and Perris, figure cited from 194
Ear, human, vestigial parts of 40–41
Earth, evolution of 270–271
Echidna, features of 176
Edentata, habitat of 87
Egg, course of development from 65–68, 76
nature of 65–68
study of development of 63–64
Egg-laying mammals, origin of 284–286
Egypt, fossils from 288
Elephant, evolution of 232–241
figures showing 232, 240
fossil remains of, wide distribution of 232–233
head and molar teeth of, changes in 239
living species of 232
overgrowth of tusks of 132
Elephas falconi, reference to 238
Elephas melitensis, reference to 238
Elephas primigenius, features of 237
Elliot, Smith, G., chapter by 311–326
cited 289, 393
Embryo, coenogenetic features of 70–71
example of 54
features of human 56–58, 60
palingenetic features of 70–71
Embryology, evidence of evolution afforded by 18–19, 49–61, 62–80
Embryonic and larval states, relations of 54–57
Eoanthropus, features of 134
reference to 21
Eocene epoch, animals of 287, 288
horses of 226, 227
mastodon of 233
place of, in geological time table 161
Eohippus, figures showing 226, 227, 229
geological age of 226, 227
view comparing modern horse with 230
Eospermatopteris, figure showing 163
Eozoön canadense, reference to 271
Epihippus, geological age of 226, 227
Equus, figures showing 226, 229
kinds of 226–232
Equus giganteus, geological age of 230
Equus scotti, view of skeleton of 226
Eras, periods, and epochs of geological history, table showing 160 ​
Eusthenopteron, reference to 277–278
Evolution, causes of 75–77
comparison of theory of special creation with 242–243
conditions influencing 6–7
cosmic, features of 355–357, 362–363
cumulative evidence for 355–371
definitions of 1–2, 64, 210, 211–212, 340–345
fanciful objections to 178
features of atomic form of 358–361
fields of study in 213
geographical evidences of 15–16
geologic phases of 357–358
meaning of term 1–12, 24
mind in 340–354
moulding factors of 6
present occurrence of 24–33
relations of religion to 77
progress shown in 21, 22, 337–339
shown by development of the individual organism 49–61
slow progress of 24–26
test of 174–175
uplifting effect of idea of 20–22
Eye, human, vestigial part of 41–42
Family tree of plant life, difficulties of determining 149
table and figure showing 137–139
Faunas, extinction of 84
Feathers, evolution of 244
Fern, earliest, figure showing 163
seed-bearing, figure showing 148
Field, B. C, fossils from 257–258
Fishes, early evolution of 275–278
evolutionary changes in 129–132
features of 280
features of fossil forms of 275–278
geminate pairs of 8
Flowering plants, rise of 170
Fleischman, figure cited from 192
Folding and crushing of beds of rock, evidences of 107–108
Foot and hand, human, ancient origin of 279–280
Forest ape, features of 133
Forest horses, migrations of 228
Fossil plants, story told by 156–173
Fossils, evidence of evolution afforded by 58–59, 127–136, 143, 156–173
North and South American, differences between 88–91
France, flora of, subgeneric divisions of 115
Fuligo septica, view of 145
Function and structure, coordination of 67–68
Gager, C. Stuart, chapter by 137–155
figure reproduced from work by 146, 150, 152 ​
Galapagos Islands, evolution shown by fauna of 15–16
flightless cormorant of 99
forms of life on 96–97
Gangamopteris, figure showing 164
Ganoid fishes, features of 129–130, 277–278
Geddes, Patrick, cited 2
Gegenbaur, cited 71
Geminate pairs of species, reference to 8
Geographical distribution of animals, chapter on 81–101
Geological increase in complexity of forms of plants, diagram showing 157
Geological periods, sources of names of 159–160
table showing 160
Geological record, reference to 103–104, 267–268
Geological table showing the evolution of the horse 226
Geological time table 160
Ginkgo, reference to 166
Gipsy moth, useless wings of female 36
Glossopteris flora, figure showing typical members of 164
reference to 164
Gundersen, Alfred, “family tree” devised by 137–139
Gobi, desert of, fossils found in 287
Goethe, J. W. von, reference to observations made by 17
Goldring, figure cited from 163
Goose, common, and Chinese goose, fertile hybrid produced by 116
Gorilla, brain of 317–321
Grand Canyon, reference to 358
Gray, Asa, reference to 115
Great Britain, zoological identity of, with European continent 93
Great Britain and Ireland, former geographic unity of 86
Gregory, John Walter, chapter by 112–123
Gregory, William King, chapter by 270–292
Gymnosperms, age of 165
Haeckel, Ernst, cited 69–70
Hair, derivation of 176
Hair-cap moss, figure showing 147
Hand, human, ancient origin of 279
Hare and rabbit, fertile hybrid produced by 116
Harrison, cited 179
Hartman, C. T., figure made from photograph by 219
Harvey, William, famous dictum of 65
Hawaiian Islands, peculiar animals of 98
Hawkins, H. L., cited 121
Heidelberg, Germany, early human skull found near 135, 267
Heilmann, restoration of Archaeopteryx by 251
Hellmann, Milo, collaboration by 290
Heredity, influence of 6
Hermit crab, genesis of 51–52
Hipparion, geological age of 226, 230
Hippidium, geological age of 226
Hodson, Arnold, butterflies collected by 184, 185
Holarctic zoological region, limits of 84–85 ​
Holmes, Samuel Jackson, chapter by 293–310
Homology, evidence of, confirmed by blood tests 367
explanation of 72
Homunculus, speculations concerning 63
Honeycomb, features of 188–189
Honey-bee, evolution of 186–209
features and habits of 187–194
figure of, on the wing 192
lessons and laws derived from a study of 193
Hooker, Joseph, citation of, by Darwin 115
Horse, early home of 227
Eohippus compared with 230
evolutionary changes in 230–231, 264–265
figures showing evolution of 226, 229
fore foot and teeth of, figure showing evolution of 229
geological table showing evolution of 226
kinds of 226–232
skeleton of, figure showing 226
vestigial organs of 39–40
Hubbard, J. G., and Strong, O. S., figure made from photograph by 218
Human and other brains, comparison of 316–321
Human ear, vestigial parts of 40–41
Human embryo, features of 56–58, 60
Human eye, vestigial part of 41–42
Human side of apes, chapter on 293–310
Human skulls, ape characters of early forms 133
Human teeth, vestigial nature of some 44–45
Humble-bee, features and habits of 200–205, 208
nest of, figures showing 202, 203
Huxley, Julian Sorrell, chapter by 327–339
cited 251
Huxley, Thomas Henry, cited 2, 102–103, 121, 144, 259, 287
Hyatt, cited 120
Hybrids, fertile, examples of 116
Hyenia, figure showing 164
reference to 160
Hylodes, embryonic and larval stages in 55–56
Hypothesis, definition and character of 143–144
Hypohippus, geologic age of 226
Ice Age, references to 161, 170–172
India, apes of, great variety shown by 133–134
corals of, studies of 119–120
fossils from 288
remains of apes found in 267
Indians, North American, activities of 186–187
Individual development comparable with racial development 77
Insecta, general features of 51
Insectivora, reference to 265
Insects, evolution shown by 18
flightless species of 100
Islands, oceanic and continental, definition of 92–93
​
Jacobson’s organ in human embryo, figure showing 45
Japanese cycads, figure showing 168
Java, ape-man of 134, 135
former connection of, with Asia 86
Jennings, Herbert Spencer, chapter by 24–33
Johnson, Martin, figure taken from work by 232, 240
Jordan, David Starr, chapter by 1–12
and Evermann, Barton Warren, cited 91
“Jordan’s law,” reference to 7
Jurassic period, cycads of 168
events of 161
fishes of 130–131
floras of 165–166, 168–169
flying animals of 260–262
Keith, Sir Arthur, cited 289
Kerguelen land, flightless insects of 100
Kiaer, Johann, cited 273
Kiwi, vestigial wings of 38, 39
Köhler, W., cited 304–305, 306, 307
experiments made with apes by 300–302
figures reproduced from work by 300, 302
Kowalevsky, cited 73
Krakatau, restocking of, by animals and plants 95
Kräusel and Weyland, figure cited from 164
Kurile Islands, former connection of, with Asia 86
Lamborn, W. A., study of butterflies by 184
Land plants, first appearance of 160
Lang, figure made from photograph by 222
Lankester, Ray, cited 121
Lanugo, vestigial nature of 45–46
Larva, example of 54
Larval and embryonic states, relations of 54–57
Leaf-cutting bees, form and habits of 196–197
nests of, figure showing 197
Lepus darwinii, a fertile hybrid 116
Life, chemical theory of origin of 142
continuity of 255–256
definition of 4–6
early forms and attributes of 127–128, 144–145, 270–272
sources of 3–4
tree of, illustration symbolizing Frontispiece
unbroken continuity of 268
Lilium martagon, figure showing 152
Limulus, evolutionary place of 367
Lineage of man, chapter on 270–292
Links in the ascent to man, chapter on 255–269
Linnaeus, Carolus, cited 114, 286
Lion, brain of 317–318
London basin, diagrammatic section across 106 ​
Loomis, Frederic Brewster, chapter by 225–241
Lucas, F. A., cited 251
Lull, Richard Swann, chapter by 255–269
figure cited from work of 239
“Lumpers” (a school of naturalists), reference to 115
Lycopodium clavatum, figure showing 146
Lycorea halia, reference to 181
McCabe, Joseph, cited 211
MacBride, Ernest William, chapter by, on evolution as shown by the development of the individual organism 49–61
Mackenzie, J, F., cited 141
Macrozamia Moorei, view showing 147
Macrura, general features of 51
Madagascar, butterflies from 184
Madeira, flightless insects of 100
forms of life on 97–98
Maeterlinck, Maurice, cited 193
Magnolia, flower of, view showing 147
Malacostrata, general features of 51
Malta, elephants of 238
Mammalia, establishment of class of 286
Mammalian development, lines of 263–264
Mammalian life in North and South America in Tertiary time, differences between 88–91
Mammal-like reptiles, features of 282–284
Mammals, differences and links between reptiles and 285–286
egg-laying, origin of 284–286
placental, origin of 286–288
Mammoth, features of 237–238
Man, disputed species of 115
genealogical relations of apes to 21–22
lineage of 265–266, 270–292
ontogeny of 74–75
remote progenitor of 290–291
vestigial organs of 40–47
Manatee, features of 264
Mason bees, features and habits of 197–198
Mastodon, evolution of head and molar teeth of 239
fossil remains of 233–237
Mastodon atticus, features of 235
Mastodon longirostris, features of 235
Mauer, Germany, early human skull found near 135
May-fly, larval life of 58
Megalichthys, reference to 277–278
Megasporophyll of cycad, figure showing 147
Mendel, Gregor, reference to work done by 152–153
Merychippus, figures showing 226, 229
geological age of 226
Mesohippus, figures showing 226, 229
geological age of 226 ​
Mesohippus, view of skeleton of 226
Mesozoic era, events of 161, 164
periods of 160
plants of 161, 164–165
Metabolism, definition of 145
Micraster corbovis, variant forms of 117–119
Microconodon, reference to 285
Millikan, Robert Andrews, cited 361
Milton, John, cited 113
Mind, organs of 314–315
Mind in evolution, chapter on 340–354
growing dominance of 21
Miocene epoch, animals of, in North and South America 88–91, 288
apes of, features of skulls of 133
dinotheres of 236
horses of 226, 228
mastodons of 234–235
place of, in geological time table 161
Miohippus, geological age of 226
Missing and connecting links in the ascent to man, chapter on 255–269
Mniotiltidae, evidence of evolution afforded by 8
Moa, reference to 99
Moeritherium, features of 233
form of head and molar teeth of 239
Mongolia, fossils found in 287
Monkeys, dentition of 44
Monocotyledons, line of descent of 147
Monomorium rothsteini, figure showing 35
Monomorium subapterum, vestigial wings of 35, 36
Monophylectic hypothesis, outline of 146–149, 150
Monotremes, reference to 262
Montlivaltia, variations noted in 119–120, 122
Morality, foundations of 297
Morgan, C. Lloyd, chapter by 340–354
cited v
Morgan, T. H., studies of Drosophila by 31
Mosquito bee, features and habits of 199–200, 207
Moss, hair-cap, figure showing 147
Moths and butterflies as evidence of evolution, chapter on 174–185
Mousterian man, features of 135
Müller, Fritz, cited 181
Müllerian mimicry, reference to 180
Mutants, features of 369
Mycetosoritis hartmani, figure showing 220
fungus chamber of 219
nest of 219
Myrmecia tarsata, view of 217
Myxomycete, figure showing 144, 145
Myxomycetes, character of 145
Nathorst, restoration of Wielandiella by 167
Natural selection, reference to 20 ​
Natural selection, work of 6
Naturalists, schools of 115
Neanderthal man, features of 135
reference to 266–267
Neotropical animals, examples of 89–90
Neotropical zoological region, limits of 85
Neuropteridium, figure showing 164
Neuropteris heterophylla, figure showing 148
Newman, Horatio Hackett, chapter by 355–371
New Zealand, flightless bird of 99
North America, former connection of Asia with 86, 91–92, 227–229, 230
Pleistocene animals of 90
Tertiary animals of 88–91
North Carolina, remains of Triassic mammal-like reptiles from 285
Norway, fossil fish-like forms from 273
Oceanic islands, forms of life on 95–100
geology of 93–94
zoology of 94–100
Oecophylla longinoda, figure of 221
nests of, figure showing 222
Oenothera, mutations of 19
Oligocene epoch, animals of 288
apes of, features of 133
horses of 226, 228
mastodons of 233–234
place of, in geological time table 161
Ontogeny, key to phylogeny furnished by 74
parallelism between phylogeny and 64
uncertainty of conclusions drawn from 71
Ordovician period, events of 161
Organisms, distinguishing characteristics of 5–6
early attributes of 144–145
Origin of life, theory of 142
Ornithorhynchus, early teeth of 176–177
features of 176
Orohippus, geological age of 226, 227
Osborn, Henry Fairfield, cited 5, 287, 290
foreword by v–vi
Osmunda cinnamomea, view of 146
Osmunda regalis, reference to 148
Osteolepis, reference to 277–278
Ostracoderms, mode of locomotion of 274–275
reference to 273, 274, 276–277
Ostrich, competency of, to survive 99
Overgrowth of certain features, examples of 132
Ovules of cycad, figure showing 146
Oxford University Museum, collection of butterflies in 181
Palaeocene epoch, animals of 287, 288
Palaeomastodon, features of 233–234
form of head and molar teeth of 239
Palaeozoic era, animals of 257–261 ​
Palaeozoic era, length of 161
life of 161
periods of 159–161
plants of 162–164
Palearctic region, animals of 92
Paleontologic record, meaning and validity of 103–104, 106–110, 125–127
Paleontology, development of 125–127
Paleozoic era, events of 164
Paley, William, cited 337
Palingenetic features of embryo, discrimination of 70–71
Paludina, view showing shells of 120
Panama, Isthmus of, geminate fishes on opposite sides of 8
uplift of 89
Papilio dardanus, figure showing 184
Parahippus, geological age of 226
Parapithecus, features of 288
Parasites, features of 330–331
Parker, George Howard, chapter on vestigial organs by 34–48
cited 4–5
Parker, Kitchin, reference to 177
Parker, Newton, reference to 177
Patten, William, cited 273, 274
Paussidae, fossil 215
Pelycosaurs, reference to 282
Penguin, loss of power of flight by 99
Peppered moth, variations of 179
Periods (geological) , table showing 160
Peripatus, reference to 18
Permian epoch, climate of 285
events of 161
fishes of 130
glaciation in 164, 170
mammal-like reptiles of 282, 285
source of name of 160
vertebrates of 128
Phalangeal formulas of different species 283–284
Philippines, former connection of, with Asia 86
Phiomia, features of 234
Phylogeny, relation of ontogeny to 64, 74
Pigeon, vestigial oviduct of 37
Pikerni, fossil mastodon from 235
Piltdown man, references to 21, 134
Pine, figure showing 146
Pinus sylvestris, figure showing 146
Pithecanthropus, features of 134, 266
reference to 21, 288
Pithicus sinicus, experiments made with 298–300
Placental mammals, origin of 286–288
Planets, evolution of 355–357
Plants, classification of 138–139
earliest land forms of 160
evolution of, chapter on 137–155 ​
Plants, family tree of 137–139
increasing complexity of, during geological time, diagram showing 157
mode of evolution of 143
orders of, genealogical line of 150, 151
story told by fossil forms of 156–173
transformation of, by human agency 141
Platypus, early teeth of 176–177
features of 176
reference to 262, 286
Pleistocene epoch, ape-like men of 135
elephants of 237–238, 239
events of 161, 170–172
floras of 171–172
glaciation in 170–173
horses of 230
man-like animals of 288
plant migration in 171–172
Plesihippus, geologic age of 226
Pleurococcus vulgaris, figure showing modes of reproduction of 146
Pliocene epoch, animals of 288
apes of, features of skulls of 133
deer of 132
horses of 229–230
mastodons of 234–235
place of, in geological time table 161
stegodons of 236–237
Pliohippus, geological age of 226, 230
Polyphyletic hypothesis, outline of 149, 151
Polypterus, features of 278
Polyrachis, nests of 222
Polytrichum commune, figure showing 147
Potomac group of rocks, flora of, reference to 167
Poulton, Edward Bagnall, chapter by 174–185
cited 113–114, 118–119
Preformationists, doctrine of 62–63, 65, 78–79
Primates, establishment of order of 286
fossil record of 265–267
habitats of 265–266
migrations of 265–266
origin and evolution of 288–291
results of blood tests of 367
Primofilices, reference to 146
Pro-angiosperms, reference to 147
Progress shown in evolution, chapter on 327–339
Progression of life on earth, chapter on 124–136
Prosopis, figure showing nests of 194
Proterozoic era, length of 161
life of 161, 271
Protohippus, geological age of 226
Protolepidodendron, restoration of 165
Prototrophic organisms, examples of 257
Psalmist, quotation from 324 ​
Psilophyton, figure showing 162
reference to 160
Pteridosperm, figure showing 148
reference to 147
Pterodactyls, features of 260
Python, vestigial legs of 36, 37
Quaternary period, events of 161
Queen bee, figure of 187
life and labors of 189–191
Rabbit, vermiform appendix of 43
Rabbit and hare, fertile hybrid produced by 116
Racial development, comparison of, with individual development 77
Rails, flying and flightless species of 98–99
Radiation, adaptive, definitions of 157, 330
Rallidae, flying and flightless species of 98–99
Ray, John, species founded by 114
Recapitulation theory, experimental demonstration of 55–56
reference to 18–19
sketch of 68–75
statement of 50
Record of the rocks, chapter on 102–111
Religion, relations of evolution to 77
Remane, cited 290
Reptile, derivation of bird from 242–254, 367–369
differences between mammal and 285–286
evolution of 284–285
evolutionary relations of bird to 367
heart and circulation of 245
links between mammal and 286
relations of, to bird, as shown by blood tests 367–369
Reptilian ancestry of birds, reference to 243–254, 259–261, 367
Rhea, competency of, to survive 99
Rhodesia, ancient skulls from 136
Robertson, Janet, restoration of fern by 148
Robinson, Alfred, figure reproduced from photograph by 184
Rock movements caused by uplift and crumpling, examples of 107–108
Rocks, record of, chapter on 102–111
Romanes, G. J., figure cited from 36
observations of the behaviour of monkeys by 301–302
Royal jelly of bees, uses of 190, 191
Rowe, A. W., studies of sea urchins by 117–119
Russia, remains of theromorphs from 282
St. Helena, peculiar animals of 98
Salamanders, larva and embryo of 55
Salamandra atra, nature of young of 55
Salamandra maculosa, experiments with 53
nature of young of 55
Schuchert, Charles, cited 120 ​
Schuchert, Charles, and Walker, H., cited 120
Science, definition of 9
Scotch pine, figure showing 146
Scott, D. H., figure cited from work by 148, 166
Scott, William Berryman, chapter by 81–101
Sea urchins in Chalk of England, changes noted in species of 109–110
variant forms of 117–119
Seaweeds, fossil 160
Seed-bearing fern, figure showing 148
reference to 160
Segregation, effects of 6–7
Selaginella amoena, figure showing 146
Selenka, cited 95
Seymouria, features of 281
Shakespeare, quotations from vii, 186
Sharks, evolution of 277
Sheak, cited 309
Sherrington, Charles Scott, introduction by vii–ix
Shipley, Arthur Everett, chapter by 186–209
Siberia, former connection of, with Alaska 86, 91–92, 227–229, 230
Sigillaria, reference to 165
Silurian period, events of 161
fishes and fish-like forms of 129, 273
fossils of 258–259
source of name of 159
Siwalik region of India, remains of apes found in 267
Size of animals, evolutionary increase in 328
Skulls, human, ape characters of early forms of 133
Sladen, figure cited from 203
Slime moulds, character of 144, 145
Smith, G. Elliot, chapter by 311–326
cited 289, 393
Smith, William, references to 103, 126
Snails, evidence of evolution afforded by 15
subspecific divisions of 115
Snake, vestigial legs of 36, 37
vestigial lung of 37
Solenhofen, Bavaria, fossil reptile-bird from 260–261
Solitaire, flightless bird of Mauritius, reference to 99
Solitary bee, cells of 206
nest of 195
Sonoran zoological region, location of 85
South Africa, climate of, in Permian time 285
South America, butterflies of, changes of colour in 180–181
migration of horses from North America to 230
Pleistocene animals of 90
Tertiary mammals of 87–91
Special creation and evolution, comparison of theories of 242
Specialization in evolution, consequences of 158
examples of 329–332
good and evil in 336
Species, an arbitrary, not a natural unit 116 ​
Species, nature of, chapter on 112–123
origin of, conditions governing 6–7
uncertainty in defining 115–116
Spectroscope, revelations made by 361–362
Spencer, Herbert, cited 113, 115, 116, 117, 352
Spirit of the hive, reference to 193
Spirogyra, modes of reproduction of 146
“Splitters” (a school of naturalists), reference to 115
Spore-bearing leaf of cycad, figure showing 146
Stegodon, features of 236–237
form of head and molar teeth of 239
Stensiö, fossils collected by 273–274
Stewart, Charles, cited 177
Stingless bee, form and habits of 199–200
Strong, O. S., and Hubbard, J. G., figure made from photograph by 218
Structure and function, coordination of 67–68
Struggle for existence, reference to 20
Suns, evolution of 355–357
Survival of the fittest, limits of operation of 7
Swarm of bees, figure showing 188
Talgai, Queensland, Australia, fossil skull from 134–135
Teeth, derivation of 175–176
Teeth of apes and monkeys, features of 44
Teeth of man, vestigial elements in 44–45
Tenrec, reference to 287
Tertiary period, animals of, in North and South America 88–91
apes of, features of skulls of 133
climate of 86
deer of 132
events of 161
mammals of 128–129
uplift of Isthmus of Panama in 89, 91
Texas, ant from, figure showing 220
remains of theromorphs from 282
Theophrastus, classification of plants by 139–140
Theory, definition and character of 143–144
Theromorphs, features of 282–284
reference to 281
“Thinking wishly,” causes of 9
Thinopus, footprint of 259
Thomson, J. Arthur, chapter by 13–23
cited 187
Tilney, cited 289
Time table showing geological ages and periods 161
Tortoises of Galapagos Islands, reference to 15–16
Townsend piper, view of 253
Tree ants, nests of, figure showing 222
Tree frog, embryonic and larval stages in 55–56
Tree of life, illustration symbolizing Frontispiece
Triassic period, events of 161
fishes of 130 ​
Triassic period, mammal-like reptiles of 263, 282, 284, 285
plants of 164
source of name of 160
Trilophodon, features of 234
form of head and molar teeth of 239
Trinil, Java, ape-man of 134, 266
Trueman, A. E., cited 121
Turk’s cap lily, figure showing 152
Uganda, butterfly from 184
Ussher, James (Archbishop), cited 10
Vapourer moth, flightless female of 182–183
Variation, causes of 6
character and effect of 6
Vaughan, V. C, cited on the origin of life 142
Venezuela, butterflies of 180
Vergil, cited 193
Vermiform appendix, figure showing 43
inheritance of 42–43, 47
Vertebrates, early forms of 127–128
origin of 272–273
stages in evolution of 275–278
Vestigial organs, chapter on 34–38
definition of 34–36
examples of 311–312
reference to 16–17
Vivipara, view showing shells of 120
Von Baer’s law, statement of 69
Vries, Hugo de, cited 117
reference to work done by 152, 153
Waagen, cited 116
Wadjak, Java, features of ancient skulls from 135–136
Walcott, Charles Doolittle, early fossil remains found by 271
Walker, H., cited 120
Wallace, A. R., cited 314
Wapti, Mount, fossils from 257–258
Warblers, evidence of evolution afforded by 8
Watson, David Meredith Searles, chapter by 242–254
cited 59
Wax of honey-bees, production and manipulation of 188
Wayland and Kräusel, figure cited from 164
Wealden, floras of, reference to 167
Weaver ant, figure showing 221
nests of, figure showing 222
Whales, evolutionary place of 367
vestigial organs of 38–39
Wheeler, William Morton, chapter by 210–224
cited on useless wings of Monomorium subapterum 36
White, Gilbert, cited 198
Why we must be evolutionists, chapter on 13–23 ​
Wieland, figure cited from 168
Wielandiella, restoration of 167
Williston, S. W., cited 280
Wilson, E. B., cited 272
Winchester, England, articles taken from trench dug at 105–106
Wisdom teeth of man, vestigial nature of 44
Wolff, Caspar Frederick, study of individual development by 63
Woodpeckers, evidence of evolution afforded by 7–8
Woodward, Arthur Smith, chapter by 124–136
Worker bee, figures of 187, 189
life and labors of 191–193
Yerkes, R. M., cited 303–304, 307, 321
experiments made with apes by 300, 302–303
Zoological regions, location and nomenclature of 84–86
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